{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T23:28:49Z","timestamp":1789946929545,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T02:17:19Z","timestamp":1657160239000},"page":"2-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Germ cell neoplasms of the testis: Update for 2022"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Iczkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000844","article-title":"Reporting and staging of testicular germ cell tumors: the international society of urological pathology (ISUP) testicular cancer consultation conference recommendations","volume":"41","author":"Verrill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.12.018","article-title":"Updates in the eighth edition of the tumor-node-metastasis staging classification for urologic cancers","volume":"73","author":"Paner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/111.4.534","article-title":"Extratesticular extension of germ cell tumors preferentially occurs at the hilum","volume":"111","author":"Dry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000171","article-title":"Testicular embryonal carcinoma: a morphologic study of 180 cases highlighting unusual and unemphasized aspects","volume":"38","author":"Kao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0005","first-page":"275","article-title":"Trials of new germ cell immunohistochemical stains in 93 extragonadal and metastatic tumors","volume":"29","author":"Iczkowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8544","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-0688","article-title":"OCT4: a sensitive and specific biomarker for intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800195","article-title":"Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of chromosome 12p in paraffin-embedded tissue is useful for establishing germ cell origin of metastatic tumors","volume":"17","author":"Kernek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03168-5","article-title":"Gene expression microarray analysis of adult testicular germ cell tumor: a comparison between pure-type seminomas and seminoma components in mixed tumors","volume":"479","author":"Miyai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000233","article-title":"Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in testicular tumors: report from the international society of urological pathology consensus conference","volume":"38","author":"Ulbright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2105","article-title":"OCT3\/4: biological functions and clinical applications as a marker of germ cell neoplasia","volume":"211","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200407000-00014","article-title":"OCT4 staining in testicular tumors: a sensitive and specific marker for seminoma and embryonal carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1309\/5FU2-8YQ9-Q12R-Y0KU","article-title":"Cytokeratin expression in seminoma of the human testis","volume":"113","author":"Cheville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2013.12.004","article-title":"Choriogonadotropin positive seminoma-a clinicopathological and molecular genetic study of 15 cases","volume":"18","author":"Hes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200205000-00001","article-title":"Malignant Sertoli cell tumors of the testis: a study of 13 examples of a neoplasm frequently misinterpreted as seminoma","volume":"26","author":"Henley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01226.x","article-title":"Loss of CD30 expression in metastatic embryonal carcinoma: the effects of chemotherapy?","volume":"39","author":"Berney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000213322.89670.48","article-title":"Glypican 3: a novel marker in testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"30","author":"Zynger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181a13eef","article-title":"SALL4 is a novel diagnostic marker for testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"33","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000262","article-title":"Somatic-type malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin","volume":"38","author":"Maegers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-020-02771-2","article-title":"Histology, 12p status, and IMP3 expression separate subtypes in testicular teratomas","volume":"477","author":"Semj\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001789","article-title":"Somatic-type malignancies in testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 63 cases","volume":"46","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.70","article-title":"Primitive neuroectodermal tumors in patients with testicular germ cell tumors usually resemble pediatric-type central nervous system embryonal neoplasms and lack chromosome 22 rearrangements","volume":"23","author":"Ulbright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001703","article-title":"\"Embryonic-type neuroectodermal tumor\" should replace \"primitive neuroectodermal tumor\" of the testis and gynecologic tract: a rationale for new nomenclature","volume":"45","author":"Flood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200106000-00011","article-title":"Dermoid cyst: a study of five postpubertal cases including a pilomatrixoma-like variant, with evidence supporting its separate classification from mature testicular teratomas","volume":"25","author":"Ulbright","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31827dcc4c","article-title":"Evidence supporting the existence of benign teratomas of the postpubertal testis: a clinical, histopathologic, and molecular genetic analysis of 25 cases","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-858-MESTNN","article-title":"Molecular evidence supporting the neoplastic nature of some epidermoid cysts of the testis","volume":"127","author":"Younger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63602-4","article-title":"Identical allelic loss in mature teratoma and different histologic components of malignant mixed germ cell tumors of the testis","volume":"163","author":"Kernek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181a3166d","article-title":"The utility of microscopic findings and immunohistochemistry in the classification of necrotic testicular tumors: a study of 11 cases","volume":"33","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000128675.56664.f7","article-title":"Cystic trophoblastic tumors: a non-aggressive lesion in post-chemotherapy resections of patients with testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"28","author":"Ulbright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPJTX8R6CVWSRW","article-title":"Disparities in interpretation of primary testicular germ cell tumor pathology","volume":"144","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03001.x","article-title":"Ten testicular trapdoors","volume":"53","author":"Rajab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2010.03.005","article-title":"Rete testis invasion by malignant germ cell tumor and\/or intratubular germ cell neoplasia: what is the significance of this finding?","volume":"41","author":"Vogt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqy168","article-title":"Rete testis invasion is consistent with pathologic stage T1 in germ cell tumors","volume":"151","author":"Farooq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2012.189","article-title":"Testicular hilum and vascular invasion predict advanced clinical stage in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors","volume":"26","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2007.04.014","article-title":"A comprehensive systematic review of testicular germ cell tumor surveillance","volume":"64","author":"Groll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0226-OA","article-title":"The significance of lymphovascular invasion of the spermatic cord in the absence of cord soft tissue invasion","volume":"141","author":"McCleskey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001008","article-title":"The significance of spermatic cord involvement by testicular germ cell tumors: should we be staging discontinuous invasion from involved lymphovascular spaces differently from direct extension?","volume":"42","author":"Sanfrancesco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00912-9","article-title":"Testicular germ-cell tumors with spermatic cord involvement: a retrospective international multi-institutional experience","volume":"35","author":"Rodriguez Pena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001_bib0038","first-page":"6063","article-title":"Stroma adjacent to metastatic mature teratoma after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell tumor is derived from the same progenitor cells as the teratoma","volume":"63","author":"Brandli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740257022000557?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740257022000557?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T19:23:19Z","timestamp":1760037799000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740257022000557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0740257022000557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-2570"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-2570","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Germ cell neoplasms of the testis: Update for 2022","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.07.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}