{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T18:22:33Z","timestamp":1783794153305,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research Bonn Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013120","name":"European Medicines Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T03:36:13Z","timestamp":1645587373000},"page":"97-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Pathogenesis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Greinacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Sch\u00f6nborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Siegerist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Steil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra","family":"Palankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Handtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Reder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstanze","family":"Aurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Methling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"V\u00f6lker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Endlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0001","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) Vaxzevria (previously covid-19 vaccine astra zeneca): Epar - product information. 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca accessed February 28, 2022."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0002","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency- Public assessment report authorisation for temporary supply - covid-19 vaccine astrazeneca, solution for injection in multidose container covid-19 vaccine (chadox1-s [recombinant]). 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/assessment-report\/vaxzevria-previously-covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf accessed February 28, 2022."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0003","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (EMA) COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen (COVID-19 vaccine (Ad26.COV2-S [recombinant])) 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/covid-19-vaccine-janssen accessed February 28, 2022."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-301424","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria-inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"117","author":"Krauel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13955","article-title":"Platelets kill bacteria by bridging innate and adaptive immunity via platelet factor 4 and FcgammaRIIA","volume":"16","author":"Palankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-434985","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 binding to lipid A of Gram-negative bacteria exposes PF4\/heparin-like epitopes","volume":"120","author":"Krauel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPG0MNR5NGKNFX","article-title":"Platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies in blood bank donors","volume":"134","author":"Hursting","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am j clin pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-342857","article-title":"Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease","volume":"118","author":"Greinacher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-11-540781","article-title":"B-cell tolerance regulates production of antibodies causing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"123","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-08-0654","article-title":"Further insights into the anti-PF4\/heparin IgM immune response","volume":"115","author":"Krauel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-04-0258","article-title":"Biophysical tools to assess the interaction of PF4 with polyanions","volume":"116","author":"Delcea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10130","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR02132D","article-title":"Quantitative description of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the platelet factor 4\/heparin bonds","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-03-559518","article-title":"Binding of anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies depends on the thermodynamics of conformational changes in platelet factor 4","volume":"124","author":"Kreimann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15485","article-title":"To clot or not to clot? Ad is the question-Insights on mechanisms related to vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"19","author":"Othman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-032524","article-title":"Adenovirus-induced thrombocytopenia: the role of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin in mediating accelerated platelet clearance","volume":"109","author":"Othman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl8213","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl8213","article-title":"ChAdOx1 interacts with CAR and PF4 with implications for thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280154","article-title":"Comparative analysis of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S SARS-CoV-2 vector vaccines","author":"Michalik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03744-4","article-title":"Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia","volume":"596","author":"Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-147922","article-title":"The Deglycosylated Form of 1E12, a Monoclonal Anti-PF4 IgG, Strongly Inhibits Antibody-Triggered Cellular Activation in Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia, and Is a Potential New Treatment for V\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4","volume":"138","author":"Vayne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2111305","article-title":"No Correlation between Anti-PF4 and Anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination","volume":"385","author":"Uzun","year":"2021","journal-title":"New England J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021014214","article-title":"Most anti-PF4 antibodies in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia are transient","author":"Sch\u00f6nborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0022","article-title":"Longitudinal aspects of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)","author":"Sch\u00f6nborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Seminars in Haematology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20100865","article-title":"Ephrin-B3 binds to a sulfated cell-surface receptor","volume":"433","author":"Holen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15633","article-title":"The COVID-19 vaccine ChAdOx1-S is not contaminated with sulfated glycosaminoglycans","volume":"20","author":"Alban","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-01-478966","article-title":"Complex formation with nucleic acids and aptamers alters the antigenic properties of platelet factor 4","volume":"122","author":"Jaax","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0026","first-page":"e11","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"385","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England j med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00078.x","article-title":"Polysorbate-80 coating enhances uptake of polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA)-nanoparticles by human and bovine primary brain capillary endothelial cells","volume":"12","author":"Ramge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013231","article-title":"Insights in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"138","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-4502","article-title":"Case Series of Thrombosis With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome After COVID-19 Vaccination-United States, December 2020 to August 2021","author":"See","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0030","unstructured":"Paul-Ehrlich-Institut G. Sicherheitsbericht: Verdachtsf\u00e4lle von Nebenwirkungen und Impfkomplikationen nach Impfung zum Schutz vor COVID-19 seit Beginn der Impfkampagne am 27.12.2020 bis zum 30.09.2021 [cited 2021 Dec 6]. Available from: 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.pei.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/newsroom\/dossiers\/sicherheitsberichte\/sicherheitsbericht-27-12-20-bis-30-09-21.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=9."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13813","article-title":"Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"15","author":"Greinacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14945","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14945","article-title":"Anti-platelet factor 4\/polyanion antibodies mediate a new mechanism of autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S189176","article-title":"Post-transfusion purpura: current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Hawkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Blood Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2112760","article-title":"Decline in Pathogenic Antibodies over Time in VITT","volume":"385","author":"Sch\u00f6nborn","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England j med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1701-2926","article-title":"Heterogeneity of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination and Safety of Second Vaccination with BNT162b2","volume":"122","author":"Lindhoff-Last","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2118507","article-title":"VITT and Second Doses of Covid-19 Vaccine","volume":"386","author":"Lacy","year":"2022","journal-title":"The New England j med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-533083","article-title":"Serological investigation of patients with a previous history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who are reexposed to heparin","volume":"123","author":"Warkentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-231506","article-title":"The severity of trauma determines the immune response to PF4\/heparin and the frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"115","author":"Lubenow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12957","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 signalling regulates antibody response to adenoviral vector-based vaccines by imprinting germinal centre quality","volume":"155","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb08097.x","article-title":"Naturally occurring human IgG antibodies to intracellular and cytoskeletal components of human platelets","volume":"79","author":"Pfueller","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-020-00777-5","article-title":"COVID-19: therapeutics and their toxicities","volume":"16","author":"Chary","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90843-5","article-title":"Severe adverse effects of protein A immunoadsorption","volume":"343","author":"K\u00e4bisch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1218","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1218","article-title":"Reversibility of increased microvessel permeability in response to VE-cadherin disassembly","volume":"279","author":"Gao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1411910","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"373","author":"Greinacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"The New England j med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104263441704","article-title":"Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"344","author":"Warkentin","year":"2001","journal-title":"The New England j med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0047","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia and splenic platelet directed immune responses after intravenous ChAdOx1 nCov-19 administration","author":"Nicolai","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111344","article-title":"Complicated long term vaccine induced thrombotic immune thrombocytopenia-a case report","volume":"9","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-03-834598","article-title":"Polyreactive IgM initiates complement activation by PF4\/heparin complexes through the classical pathway","volume":"132","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.014","article-title":"Pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"225","author":"Arepally","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012217","article-title":"Frequency of positive anti-PF4\/polyanion antibody tests after COVID-19 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2","volume":"138","author":"Thiele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0052","article-title":"Laboratory confirmed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: Retrospective analysis of reported cases after vaccination with ChAdOx-1 nCoV-19 in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Thiele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012479","article-title":"The use of IV immunoglobulin in the treatment of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"138","author":"Uzun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107051","article-title":"Adjunct immune globulin for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"385","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"The New England j med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.279000","article-title":"Antibody-mediated procoagulant platelets in SARS-CoV-2-vaccination associated immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"106","author":"Althaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab506","article-title":"Immune complexes, innate immunity, and NETosis in ChAdOx1 vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"42","author":"Holm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0057","article-title":"has identified a monoclonal antibody which competes with the binding of anti-PF4 antibodies from Vitt patients","author":"Vayne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0058","article-title":"NETosis and thrombosis in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","author":"Beng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Portfolio"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0059","article-title":"Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after HPV vaccination","author":"Johansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0060","first-page":"542","article-title":"Platelet-activating anti-PF4 antibodies mimicking VITT antibodies in an unvaccinated patient with monoclonal gammopathy","volume":"20","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0061","unstructured":"Faille DH-NMO, A.; Amiral, J.; Huisse, M.G.; Chauveheid, M.P.; Mazighi, M.; Ajzenberg, N. . Isolation of a monoclonal IgG kappa with functional autoantibody activity against platelet factor 4\/heparin from a patient with a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and clinically overt heparin thrombocytopenia Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2017;1:1355."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-09-873984","article-title":"Human megakaryocytes possess intrinsic antiviral immunity through regulated induction of IFITM3","volume":"133","author":"Campbell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4512","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002420","article-title":"Platelets function as an acute viral reservoir during HIV-1 infection by harboring virus and T-cell complex formation","volume":"4","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood advances"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09607-x","article-title":"The role of platelets in mediating a response to human influenza infection","volume":"10","author":"Koupenova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319117","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Initiates Programmed Cell Death in Platelets","volume":"129","author":"Koupenova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12397","article-title":"Potential role of platelets in COVID-19: Implications for thrombosis","volume":"4","author":"Koupenova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0067","article-title":"Vaccine-Induced Covid-19 Mimicry\u201d Syndrome:Splice reactions within the SARS-CoV-2 Spike open reading frame result in Spike protein variants that may cause thromboembolic events in patients immunized with vector-based vaccines","author":"Eric","year":"2022","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warkentin TEG, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. In: Murphy MR, D.; Dunbar, N.; Yazer, M., editor. Practical Transfusion Medicine. 6th ed: Whiley-Blackwell 2022. p. in press. Chichester, UK.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119665885.ch16"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0037196322000075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0037196322000075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T06:28:57Z","timestamp":1758522537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0037196322000075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0037196322000075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-1963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-1963","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathogenesis of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}