{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T10:26:37Z","timestamp":1782210397651,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008349","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002491","name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007054","name":"Meso Scale Diagnostics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T01:59:29Z","timestamp":1646618369000},"page":"80-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Laboratory testing for VITT antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8046-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore E.","family":"Warkentin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Greinacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0001","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"A prothrombotic thrombocytopenic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following coronavirus-19 vaccination"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0002","series-title":"Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia","author":"Warkentin","year":"2013"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104882","article-title":"Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2105385","article-title":"Pathologic antibodies to platelet factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Scully","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614206","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards consensus","volume":"79","author":"Warkentin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.12993","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"41","author":"Warkentin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-4502","article-title":"Case series of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination-United States, December 2020 to August 2021","author":"See","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0009","unstructured":"Guidance for clinical case management of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) following vaccination to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID-19); 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-2019-nCoV-TTS-2021.1. Accessed date on 15 Mar 2022."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-0118","article-title":"The epidemiology of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome: analogies with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","author":"Warkentin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012217","article-title":"Frequency of positive anti-PF4\/polyanion antibody tests after COVID-19 vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2","volume":"138","author":"Thiele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15283","article-title":"Platelet-activating immune complexes identified in critically ill COVID-19 patients suspected of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"19","author":"Nazy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008762","article-title":"Antibody-induced procoagulant platelets in severe COVID-19 infection","volume":"137","author":"Althaus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15587","article-title":"Antibody-mediated procoagulant platelet formation in COVID-19 is AKT dependent","volume":"20","author":"Pelzl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1656329","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"68","author":"Amiral","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3120357","article-title":"Heparin binding to platelet factor-4. An NMR and site-directed mutagenesis study: arginine residues are crucial for binding","volume":"312","author":"Mayo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0017","first-page":"247","article-title":"Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen","volume":"71","author":"Greinacher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.11.3232.3232","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4","volume":"83","author":"Kelton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116987","article-title":"Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells","volume":"93","author":"Visentin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-06-580894","article-title":"Heparin-independent, PF4-dependent binding of HIT antibodies to platelets: implications for HIT pathogenesis","volume":"125","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016000877","article-title":"Polyphosphate\/platelet factor 4 complexes can mediate heparin-independent platelet activation in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"1","author":"Cines","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13813","article-title":"Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"15","author":"Greinacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2021.05.018","article-title":"Spontaneous HIT syndrome: knee replacement, infection, and parallels with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"204","author":"Warkentin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"7873","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03744-4","article-title":"Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia","volume":"596","author":"Huynh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.3.916","article-title":"Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis recognize different epitopes on heparin:platelet factor 4","volume":"91","author":"Suh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.9.3250","article-title":"Defining an antigenic epitope on platelet factor 4 associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"92","author":"Ziporen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.4.1230","article-title":"Defining a second epitope for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis antibodies using KKO, a murine HIT-like monoclonal antibody","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1585-6264","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia antibodies: fraternal\u2014not identical\u2014twins","volume":"121","author":"Warkentin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26075","article-title":"Serotonin-release assay-positive but platelet factor 4-dependent enzyme-immunoassay negative: HIT or not HIT?","volume":"96","author":"Warkentin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02617.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activating capacity and clinical significance of anti-PF4\/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes","volume":"5","author":"Greinacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2008.03025.x","article-title":"Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4-dependent enzyme-immunoassays","volume":"6","author":"Warkentin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2011.048074","article-title":"Rapid exclusion or confirmation of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a single-center experience with 1,291 patients","volume":"97","author":"Nellen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.03.010","article-title":"Performance characteristics of an automated latex immunoturbidimetric assay [HemosIL\u00ae HIT-Ab(PF4-H)] for the diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"153","author":"Warkentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-04-847483","article-title":"Nazy I. High sensitivity and specificity of an automated IgG-specific chemiluminescence immunoassay for diagnosis of HIT","volume":"132","author":"Warkentin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14794","article-title":"Combination of two complementary automated rapid assays for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)","volume":"18","author":"Warkentin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0036","series-title":"Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia","first-page":"272","article-title":"Laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","author":"Warkentin","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0037","first-page":"409","article-title":"Heparin induced thrombocytopenia with thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations","volume":"136","author":"Rhodes","year":"1973","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1651610","article-title":"The clinical usefulness of the platelet aggregation test for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"69","author":"Chong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V67.1.27.27","article-title":"A diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"67","author":"Sheridan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1646493","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive test for diagnosing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"66","author":"Greinacher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.2.549","article-title":"Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ADP receptor play a major role in platelet activation\/aggregation induced sera from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia patients","volume":"91","author":"Polg\u00e1r","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24006","article-title":"The platelet serotonin-release assay","volume":"90","author":"Warkentin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1614536","article-title":"First workshop for detection of heparin-induced antibodies: validation of the heparin-induced platelet-activation test (HIPA) in comparison with a PF4\/heparin ELISA","volume":"81","author":"Eichler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0044","first-page":"371","article-title":"Determinants of donor platelet variability when testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"120","author":"Warkentin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14955","article-title":"Beneficial effect of exogenous platelet factor 4 for detecting pathogenic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia antibodies","volume":"179","author":"Vayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/ijlh.13031","article-title":"Timeline of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia seroconversion in serial plasma samples tested using an automated latex immunoturbidimetric assay","volume":"41","author":"Warkentin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25660","article-title":"Serotonin-release assay-negative heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"95","author":"Warkentin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/rth2.12348","article-title":"High-dose IVIG plus cangrelor platelet \"anesthesia\" during urgent heparin-CPB in a patient with recent SRA-negative HIT-thrombosis with persisting heparin-activating antibodies","volume":"4","author":"Koster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Pract Thromb Haematol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13066","article-title":"Distinguishing between anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies that can and cannot cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"13","author":"Nazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15572","article-title":"Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): Update on diagnosis and management considering different resources","volume":"20","author":"Greinacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012064","article-title":"A flow cytometric assay to detect platelet-activating antibodies in VITT after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination","volume":"137","author":"Handtke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0052","article-title":"Laboratory confirmed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: retrospective analysis of reported cases after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Thiele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107051","article-title":"Adjunct immune globulin for vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"385","author":"Bourguignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012479","article-title":"The use of IV immunoglobulin in the treatment of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"138","author":"Uzun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2106383","article-title":"PF4 immunoassays in vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia","volume":"385","author":"Vayne","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0056","first-page":"1322","article-title":"A modified PF4-dependent, CD62p expression assay selectively detects serotonin-releasing antibodies suspected of HIT","volume":"114","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.02.641","article-title":"A novel PF4-dependent platelet activation assay identifies patients likely to have heparin-induced thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis","volume":"150","author":"Padmanabahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26488","article-title":"Persistence of Padmanabhan Ad26.COV2.S-associated vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and specific detection of VITT antibodies","author":"Kanack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-014-1105-2","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical implications of anti-PF4\/heparin antibodies in intensive care patients: a prospective observational study","volume":"39","author":"Selleng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15233","article-title":"A comparative study of platelet factor 4-enhanced platelet activation assays for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"19","author":"Rubino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15560","article-title":"Multicentre evaluation of 5B9, a monoclonal anti-PF4\/heparin IgG mimicking human HIT antibodies, as an internal quality control in HIT functional assays: Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Platelet Immunology","volume":"20","author":"Pouplard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2012.724736","article-title":"Heparin-induced multiple electrode aggregometry is a promising and useful functional tool for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia diagnosis: confirmation in a prospective study","volume":"24","author":"Galea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13516","article-title":"Heparin-induced multi-electrode aggregometry method for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia testing: communication from the SSC of the ISTH","volume":"14","author":"Morel-Kopp","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1681-7286","article-title":"Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia: insights from blood smear","volume":"121","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03645.x","article-title":"The use of well-characterized sera for the assessment of new diagnostic enzyme-immunoassays for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"8","author":"Warkentin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1994.34594249047.x","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and comparison of platelet aggregation test, heparin-induced platelet activation test, and platelet factor 4\/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"34","author":"Greinacher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1876.x","article-title":"The epitope specificity of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"95","author":"Horsewood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648491","article-title":"Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: the antibody is not heparin specific","volume":"67","author":"Greinacher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.115525","article-title":"Heparin is not required for detection of antibodies associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis","volume":"138","author":"Visentin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1160\/TH09-04-0253","article-title":"Effectiveness of a new immunoassay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and improved specificity when detecting IgG antibodies","volume":"103","author":"Pouplard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1535-9002","article-title":"PF4-dependent immunoassays in patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: results of an interlaboratory comparison","volume":"121","author":"Sachs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.15362","article-title":"Evaluation of laboratory assays for anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies after ChAdOx1n COV-19 vaccination","volume":"19","author":"Platton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0073","article-title":"Vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: the decline in anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies is assay-dependent","author":"Platton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPG0MNR5NGKNFX","article-title":"Platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies in blood bank donors","volume":"134","author":"Hursting","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0075","article-title":"Low clinical utility of testing for anti-platelet factor 4 in asymptomatic individuals after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine","author":"Barefah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1585-6182","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism and mild thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-1 vaccination","volume":"121","author":"Gabarin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12939","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of a rapid nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay (STic Expert(\u00ae)HIT) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"166","author":"Leroux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.03.010","article-title":"Performance characteristics of an automated latex immunoturbidimetric assay [HemosIL\u00ae HIT-Ab(PF4-H)] for the diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"153","author":"Warkentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.01.005","article-title":"Evaluation of automated immunoassays in the diagnosis of heparin induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"131","author":"Althaus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-04-847483","article-title":"Nazy I. High sensitivity and specificity of an automated IgG-specific chemiluminescence immunoassay for diagnosis of HIT","volume":"132","author":"Warkentin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1717078","article-title":"Characterization of new monoclonal PF4-specific antibodies as useful tools for studies on typical and autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"121","author":"Vayne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2021.280366","article-title":"Platelet-activating anti-PF4 antibodies mimicking VITT antibodies in an unvaccinated patient with monoclonal gammopathy","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.7.2149","article-title":"Antiprothrombin antibodies: detection and clinical significance in the antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Galli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0037196322000129?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0037196322000129?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T06:29:16Z","timestamp":1758522556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0037196322000129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0037196322000129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-1963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-1963","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Laboratory testing for VITT antibodies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2022.03.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}