{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:28:27Z","timestamp":1785479307007,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Hematology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T23:21:42Z","timestamp":1780356102000},"page":"3-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pain in SCD\u2014Many mechanisms and mysteries"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Olufunke Y.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0698-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepika S.","family":"Darbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21807","article-title":"The burden of emergency department use for sickle-cell disease: an analysis of the national emergency department sample database","volume":"85","author":"Lanzkron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.378","article-title":"Acute care utilization and rehospitalizations for sickle cell disease","volume":"303","author":"Brousseau","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000289","article-title":"Psychosocial and functional outcomes in youth with chronic sickle cell pain","volume":"32","author":"Sil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-2-200801150-00004","article-title":"Daily assessment of pain in adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"148","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the study of pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082164","article-title":"General pathways of pain sensation and the major neurotransmitters involved in pain regulation","volume":"19","author":"Yam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S475351","article-title":"Pathophysiology of pain and mechanisms of neuromodulation: a narrative review (A Neuron Project)","volume":"17","author":"Karcz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2011.08916.x","article-title":"Fetal haemoglobin levels and haematological characteristics of compound heterozygotes for haemoglobin S and deletional hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin","volume":"156","author":"Ngo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V68.5.985.985","article-title":"Alpha-thalassemia in blacks: genetic and clinical aspects and interactions with the sickle hemoglobin gene","volume":"68","author":"Steinberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830480307","article-title":"Gender and haplotype effects upon hematological manifestations of adult sickle cell anemia","volume":"48","author":"Steinberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.07.029","article-title":"Biopsychosocial factors associated with pain and pain-related outcomes in adults and children with Sickle cell disease: a multivariable analysis of the GRNDaD multicenter registry","volume":"25","author":"Kenney","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.12.003","article-title":"AAAPT diagnostic criteria for acute sickle cell disease pain","volume":"20","author":"Field","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111131","article-title":"Secondhand smoke is an important modifiable risk factor in Sickle cell disease: a review of the current literature and areas for future research","volume":"13","author":"Sadreameli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3109\/03630269509005824","article-title":"The sickle cell painful crisis in adults: phases and objective signs","volume":"19","author":"Ballas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hemoglobin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.01.010","article-title":"Somatic symptom burden in adults with sickle cell disease predicts pain, depression, anxiety, health care utilization, and quality of life: the PiSCES Project","volume":"52","author":"Sogutlu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3109\/08880018.2010.540735","article-title":"Evaluation of the psychological problems in children with sickle cell anemia and their families","volume":"28","author":"Unal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.04.011","article-title":"Psychosocial and affective comorbidities in sickle cell disease","volume":"705","author":"Pecker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2023.0023","article-title":"Pain frequency and health care utilization patterns in women with sickle cell disease experiencing menstruation-associated Pain crises","volume":"32","author":"Segbefia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30727","article-title":"Assessment of menstrual health in adolescent and young adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"71","author":"Notice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.01.001","article-title":"Headache and migraine in children with sickle cell disease are associated with lower hemoglobin and higher pain event rates but not silent cerebral infarction","volume":"164","author":"Dowling","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.12.016","article-title":"AAPT diagnostic criteria for chronic sickle cell disease pain","volume":"18","author":"Dampier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003262","article-title":"High-impact chronic pain in sickle cell disease: insights from the pain in Sickle Cell Epidemiology Study (PiSCES)","author":"Jagtiani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001065","article-title":"Identifying chronic pain subgroups in pediatric sickle cell disease: a cluster-analytic approach","volume":"38","author":"Sil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320889","article-title":"Identifying distinct subgroups with severe pain in sickle cell disease: a cluster analysis of the GRNDaD multi-center registry","volume":"20","author":"Kenney","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0025","unstructured":"Pain IAftSo. IASP terminology. Secondary IASP terminology. https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/resources\/terminology\/. Accessed October 15, 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.10233","article-title":"Sickle cell disease: a review","volume":"328","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.4.517","article-title":"Fetal haemoglobin and early manifestations of homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"67","author":"Bailey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80230-4","article-title":"Clinical presentation of homozygous sickle cell disease","volume":"106","author":"Bainbridge","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24796","article-title":"Pain characteristics and age-related pain trajectories in infants and young children with sickle cell disease","volume":"61","author":"Dampier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-383430","article-title":"Sickle cell pain: a critical reappraisal","volume":"120","author":"Ballas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091502","article-title":"Trajectories of biological values and vital parameters: an observational cohort study of adult patients with sickle cell disease hospitalized for a non-complicated vaso-occlusive crisis","volume":"8","author":"Veil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-09-618538","article-title":"Neutrophils, platelets, and inflammatory pathways at the nexus of sickle cell disease pathophysiology","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2507","article-title":"Ischemia and reperfusion: from mechanism to translation","volume":"17","author":"Eltzschig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.9.3148","article-title":"Serum levels of substance P are elevated in patients with sickle cell disease and increase further during vaso-occlusive crisis","volume":"92","author":"Michaels","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1076029611420992","article-title":"Biomarkers of inflammation, growth factor, and coagulation activation in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"18","author":"Qari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17954","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 at steady state and during vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease","volume":"196","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17643","article-title":"Flow adhesion of whole blood to P-selectin: a prognostic biomarker for vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell disease","volume":"194","author":"Hines","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0038","article-title":"Acute pain in pediatric sickle cell patients without chronic pain shows elevated VCAM-1 and P-selectin adhesion\u2217","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Vess Thromb Hemostas"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1775","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2986","article-title":"Evidence-based management of sickle cell disease: expert panel report, 2014","volume":"134","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2002.128064","article-title":"Characteristics of pain managed at home in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease by using diary self-reports","volume":"3","author":"Dampier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0041","first-page":"18","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes: descriptors of nociceptive and neuropathic pain and barriers to effective pain management in adult outpatients with sickle cell disease","volume":"102","author":"Wilkie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21905","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD): a report from the comprehensive sickle cell centers clinical trial consortium","volume":"86","author":"Dampier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314539530","article-title":"The measure of sickle cell stigma: initial findings from the improving patient outcomes through respect and trust study","volume":"21","author":"Bediako","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.02.012","article-title":"Chronic opioid therapy and central sensitization in sickle cell disease","volume":"51","author":"Carroll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12340","article-title":"Thinking beyond sickling to better understand pain in sickle cell disease","volume":"93","author":"Darbari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2017.08.001","article-title":"Central sensitization associated with low fetal hemoglobin levels in adults with sickle cell anemia","volume":"17","author":"Darbari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000473","article-title":"Quantitative sensory testing and pain-evoked cytokine reactivity: comparison of patients with sickle cell disease to healthy matched controls","volume":"157","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.07.005","article-title":"Frequency of hospitalizations for pain and association with altered brain network connectivity in sickle cell disease","volume":"16","author":"Darbari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160608","article-title":"Comparative analysis of pain behaviours in humanized mouse models of sickle cell anemia","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2010.1.409","article-title":"Sickle-cell pain: advances in epidemiology and etiology","volume":"2010","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Prog"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.01.475","article-title":"An evaluation of central sensitization in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"17","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-260372","article-title":"Pain-related behaviors and neurochemical alterations in mice expressing sickle hemoglobin: modulation by cannabinoids","volume":"116","author":"Kohli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000104","article-title":"Sensitization of nociceptive spinal neurons contributes to pain in a transgenic model of sickle cell disease","volume":"156","author":"Cataldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105532","article-title":"Nociceptive and neuropathic pain descriptors in adults with sickle cell disease are associated with overlap activity in the default, salience and somatosensory networks","volume":"36","author":"Disu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216994","article-title":"Chronic pain in adults with sickle cell disease is associated with alterations in functional connectivity of the brain","volume":"14","author":"Karafin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.12.024","article-title":"Characterization of functional brain activity and connectivity using EEG and fMRI in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"14","author":"Case","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309676","article-title":"Exagamglogene autotemcel for severe Sickle cell disease","volume":"390","author":"Frangoul","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26741","article-title":"Lovo-cel gene therapy for sickle cell disease: treatment process evolution and outcomes in the initial groups of the HGB-206 study","volume":"98","author":"Kanter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15169","article-title":"Pain and opioid use after reversal of sickle cell disease following HLA-matched sibling haematopoietic stem cell transplant","volume":"184","author":"Darbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2017.1.406","article-title":"Five lessons learned about long-term pain management in adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"2017","author":"Field","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Prog"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2025000752","article-title":"Optimizing the right time to start sickle cell therapies","volume":"2025","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.10517","article-title":"Management of sickle cell disease: summary of the 2014 evidence-based report by expert panel members","volume":"312","author":"Yawn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27423","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusion therapy for sickle cell patients with frequent painful events","volume":"65","author":"Hilliard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82006-2","article-title":"Effects of a long-term transfusion regimen on sickle cell-related illnesses","volume":"125","author":"Styles","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14383","article-title":"Guidelines on red cell transfusion in sickle cell disease part II: indications for transfusion","volume":"176","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001851","article-title":"American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for sickle cell disease: management of acute and chronic pain","volume":"4","author":"Brandow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/NCM.0000000000000806","article-title":"Improving the quality of whole-person health care delivery: critical components of a sickle cell disease nurse navigator role","volume":"30","author":"Knisely","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prof Case Manag"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0069","unstructured":"Health National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions. Whole person health: what it is and why it's important. https:\/\/www.nccih.nih.gov\/health\/whole-person-health-what-it-is-and-why-its-important: National Institutes of Health. Accessed October 24, 2025."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327110388962","article-title":"Lethal morphine intoxication in a patient with a sickle cell crisis and renal impairment: case report and a review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Lagas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu186","article-title":"Morphine-6-glucuronide is responsible for the analgesic effect after morphine administration: a quantitative review of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, and morphine-3-glucuronide","volume":"113","author":"Klimas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1016","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3470","article-title":"Improving the management of vaso-occlusive episodes in the pediatric emergency department","volume":"136","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.11.015","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl improves time to analgesic delivery in sickle cell pain crises","volume":"36","author":"Kelly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26837","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl and discharge from the emergency department among children with sickle cell disease and vaso-occlusive pain: a multicenter pediatric emergency medicine perspective","volume":"98","author":"Rees","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2014.07.014","article-title":"Safety of an ED high-dose opioid protocol for sickle cell disease pain","volume":"41","author":"Tanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.2967","article-title":"Opioid timeliness in the emergency department and hospitalizations for acute sickle cell pain","author":"Gwarzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0077","article-title":"Intranasal fentanyl and impact of an emergency department pain protocol for sickle cell disease on hospitalization rates","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25024","article-title":"Impact of individualized pain plan on the emergency management of children with sickle cell disease","volume":"61","author":"Krishnamurti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27274","article-title":"A novel approach to reducing admissions for children with sickle cell disease in pain crisis through individualization and standardization in the emergency department","volume":"65","author":"Schefft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1097\/JHQ.0000000000000292","article-title":"Clinical pathway for Vaso-occlusive pain reduces hospital admissions","volume":"44","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Healthc Qual"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-7171","article-title":"Treatment of acute pain in adults with sickle cell disease in an infusion center versus the emergency department: a multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"174","author":"Lanzkron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16002","article-title":"Management of vaso-occlusive episodes in the day hospital decreases admissions in children with sickle cell disease","volume":"186","author":"Karkoska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SA.0000452828.37555.a3","article-title":"Buprenorphine-naloxone therapy in pain management","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2025.04.012","article-title":"Buprenorphine is associated with lower home opioid use and acute care utilization in Sickle cell disease","volume":"26","author":"Jacobs-McFarlane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26699","article-title":"Converting adults with sickle cell disease from full agonist opioids to buprenorphine: a reliable method with safety and early evidence of reduced acute care utilization","volume":"97","author":"David","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12592","article-title":"Use of anti-inflammatory analgesics in sickle-cell disease","volume":"42","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14149","article-title":"Does intravenous acetaminophen reduce opioid requirement in pediatric emergency department patients with acute sickle cell crises?","volume":"28","author":"Dhebaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.1050","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of ketamine use in patients with vaso-occlusive crisis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Calderon Martinez","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJHaem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14382","article-title":"Ketamine administration for acute painful sickle cell crisis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30254","article-title":"Ketamine use for management of vaso-occlusive pain in pediatric sickle cell disease","volume":"70","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2023.11.012","article-title":"Ketamine for pain in sickle cell disease reduces opioid usage","volume":"67","author":"Onyebuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0092","article-title":"Alpha 2-adrenoceptor participates in anti-hyperalgesia by regulating metabolic demand","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.02.027","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine ameliorates nocifensive behavior in humanized sickle cell mice","volume":"754","author":"Calhoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E90","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12336","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to analgesic strategy during vaso-occlusive episodes in adolescents with sickle-cell disease","volume":"15","author":"Sheehy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0095","article-title":"Lidocaine and ketamine infusions as adjunctive pain management therapy: a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients admitted for pain related to sickle cell disease","volume":"3","author":"Zavala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.31458","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of intravenous lidocaine infusions as opioid adjunct for children hospitalized with sickle cell vaso-occlusive pain","volume":"72","author":"Agbakwuru","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00885-5","article-title":"Neuropathic pain and sickle cell disease: a review of pharmacologic management","volume":"24","author":"Orhurhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2010.507192","article-title":"A review of SSRIs and SNRIs in neuropathic pain","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0099","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Tricyclic antidepressants","author":"Moraczewski","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S130942","article-title":"Rational dosing of gabapentin and pregabalin in chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Raouf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.188","article-title":"Gabapentin for acute pain in sickle cell disease: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Puri","year":"2021","journal-title":"EJHaem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2024000585","article-title":"Beyond IV push: alternative methods for management of acute pain in SCD","volume":"2024","author":"Azul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Prog"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30063","article-title":"Role of regional anesthesia in patients with acute sickle cell pain: a scoping review","volume":"70","author":"Rizvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12674","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerance of lidocaine 5% patches in neuropathic pain and pain related to vaso-occlusive sickle cell crises in children: a prospective multicenter clinical study","volume":"18","author":"Rousseau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14801","article-title":"Regional anesthesia and sickle cell crisis in pediatric patients: an educational-focused review","volume":"34","author":"Elhamrawy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.30315","article-title":"Efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions to reduce pain in children with sickle cell disease: a systematic review","volume":"70","author":"van Veelen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024013861","article-title":"Digital cognitive behavioral therapy vs education for pain in adults with sickle cell disease","volume":"8","author":"Jonassaint","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181e793f9","article-title":"A family-based randomized controlled trial of pain intervention for adolescents with sickle cell disease","volume":"32","author":"Barakat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000183","article-title":"Changes in coping, pain, and activity after cognitive-behavioral training: a randomized clinical trial for pediatric sickle cell disease using smartphones","volume":"31","author":"Schatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1348\/135910799168588","article-title":"Cognitive-behaviour therapy for the management of sickle cell disease pain: an evaluation of a community-based intervention","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2021.06.003","article-title":"Acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment for pain in hospitalized children with sickle cell disease","volume":"62","author":"Reece-Stremtan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0112","first-page":"203","article-title":"Adjunctive approaches for sickle cell chronic pain","volume":"5","author":"Myers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alternat Health Practit"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2018.10.006","article-title":"iCanCope with sickle cell pain: design of a randomized controlled trial of a smartphone and web-based pain self-management program for youth with sickle cell disease","volume":"74","author":"Palermo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022016382","article-title":"Cannabidiol attenuates hyperalgesia in a mouse model of sickle cell disease","volume":"141","author":"Cherukury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0001","article-title":"Marijuana use in adults living with sickle cell disease","volume":"3","author":"Roberts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0011","article-title":"The use of cannabis by patients with sickle cell disease increased the frequency of hospitalization due to vaso-occlusive crises","volume":"2","author":"Ballas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.10874","article-title":"Effect of inhaled cannabis for pain in adults with sickle cell disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Abrams","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4069","article-title":"Counseling parents and teens about marijuana use in the era of legalization of marijuana","volume":"139","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12012co1c","article-title":"The effect of marijuana use on the risk for schizophrenia","volume":"73","author":"Evins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4726-5","article-title":"Not being heard: barriers to high quality unplanned hospital care during young people's transition to adult services: evidence from 'this sickle cell life' research","volume":"19","author":"Renedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001862","article-title":"Pain prevention and management must begin in childhood: the key role of psychological interventions","volume":"161","author":"Palermo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Hematology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0037196326000508?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0037196326000508?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:10:51Z","timestamp":1785330651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0037196326000508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0037196326000508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-1963"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-1963","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pain in SCD\u2014Many mechanisms and mysteries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Hematology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2026.05.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}