{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:39:26Z","timestamp":1792028366714,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T08:45:18Z","timestamp":1556095518000},"page":"107-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0083-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Rosti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8839-139X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Secondino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Necchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4754-6572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Fornarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pedrazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00991-5","article-title":"Testicular germ cell tumours","volume":"387","author":"Rajpert-De Meyt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.64.7909","article-title":"Conditioning survival of patients with metastatic testicular germ cell tumors treated with first-line curative therapy","volume":"34","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdf003","article-title":"Etragonadal retroperitoneal germ cell tumor: evidence of origin in the tetis","volume":"13","author":"Scholz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1830-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal tumors of the mediastinum Part 1","volume":"467","author":"Den Bakkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virchow Arch"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2013.04.003","article-title":"Incidence patterns and trends of malignant gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in Germany, 1998-2008","volume":"37","author":"Rusner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidem"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90235-6","article-title":"Origin of adult male mediastinal germ-cell tumours","volume":"343","author":"Chaganti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1987.5.8.1290","article-title":"Klinefelter's syndrome associated with mediastinal germ cell neoplasms","volume":"5","author":"Nichols","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"abs","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3694","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V124.21.3694.3694","article-title":"Mediastinal germ cell tumor and acute megacaryoblatic leukemia- a systematic review of cases reported in the literature","volume":"124","author":"John","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.2.594","article-title":"A prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group","volume":"15","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-9-33","article-title":"Management of the primary malignant mediastinal germ cell tumors: experience with 54 patients","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.07.062","article-title":"Extragonadal germ cell tumors of the mediastinum and retroperitoneum: results from an International analysis","volume":"20","author":"Bokemeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11017","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdf176","article-title":"Prognostic variables for response and outcome in patients with extragonadal tumors","volume":"13","author":"Hartmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-013-1567-1","article-title":"Prognostic factors and efficacy of different chemotherapeutic regimens in patients with mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors","volume":"140","author":"Fedaynin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2010.08.005","article-title":"Survival outcome for men with mediastinal germ-cell tumors. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience","volume":"30","author":"Rodney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0015","first-page":"87","article-title":"A prognostic model including pre-and postsurgical variables to enhance risk stratification of primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. The 27-year experience of a referral center","volume":"13","author":"Necchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Genitour Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4445","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.69.8910","article-title":"Perioperative morbidity and mortality associated with bleomycin in primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor","volume":"34","author":"Ranganath","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.66.7899","article-title":"Paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin efficacy for first-line treatment of patients with intermediate- or poor-riskgerm cell tumors","volume":"34","author":"Feldman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr403","article-title":"Intensified chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue in germ-cell tumors","volume":"23","author":"Simonelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600999","article-title":"First-line high-dose VIP chemotherapy with autologous transplantation for patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumours. A prospective trial","volume":"89","author":"Bokemeyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70490-5","article-title":"Personalised chemotherapy based on tumour marker decline in poor prognosis germ-cell tumours (GETUG 13): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised trial","volume":"13","author":"Fizazi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(99)01472-1","article-title":"Intensive chemotherapy and radical resections for primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors","volume":"69","author":"Walsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Thor Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.05.053","article-title":"The \u201cgrowing teratoma syndrome\u201d in primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: criteria based on current practice","volume":"144","author":"Kesler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thor Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.12.082","article-title":"Treatment and clinical outcome of patients with teratoma with somatic-type malignant transformation: an international collaboration","volume":"196","author":"Giannatempo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2007.09.020","article-title":"A twenty-five years single institution experience with surgery for primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors","volume":"85","author":"Kesler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Thor Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2011.03.007","article-title":"A review of second line chemotherapy and prognostic models for disseminates germ cell tumors","volume":"25","author":"Voss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11271","article-title":"Cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin or ifosfamide in the treatment of disseminated germ cell tumors: final analysis of the intergroup trial","volume":"97","author":"Hinton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.6.1641","article-title":"Second line chemotherapy in patients with relapsed extragonadal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: results of an international multicentric analysis","volume":"19","author":"Hartmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa067749","article-title":"High-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell rescue for metastatic germ-cell tumors","volume":"357","author":"Einhorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.6678","article-title":"Conventional-dose versus high-dose chemotherapy as fist salvage treatment in male patients with metastastatic germ cell tumors: evidence from a large international database","volume":"29","author":"Lorch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.69.5395","article-title":"High-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation for relapsed metastatic germc ell tumors: the Indiana University experience","volume":"35","author":"Adra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdi017","article-title":"Second-line high-dose chemotherapy in patients with mediastinal and retroperitoneal primary non-seminomatous germ cell tumors: the EBMT experience","volume":"16","author":"De Giorgi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0035","series-title":"SEER Cancer Statistics Review","author":"Howlader","year":"1975"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0036","first-page":"981","article-title":"Progression-free and overall survival in patients with relapsed\/refractory germ cell tumors treated with single-agent chemotherapy: endpoints for clinical trial design","volume":"118","author":"Feldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer, Feb 15"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx124","article-title":"Pazopanib in advanced germ cell tumors after chemotherapy failure: results of the open-label, single-arm, phase II Pazotest trial","volume":"26","author":"Necchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.244","article-title":"Frequent PD-L1 expression in testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"113","author":"Frankhauser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv574","article-title":"Prognostic value of programmed-death-1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1) in testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"27","author":"Cierna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-16-0087","article-title":"Clinical response of a patient to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and the immune landscape of testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx680","article-title":"Phase II trial of pembrolizumab in patients with platinum refractory germ cell tumors","volume":"29","author":"Adra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008333229936","article-title":"Identification of prognostic subgroups among patients with metastatic IGCCCG pure-prognosis germ cell cancer: an exploratory analysis using CART modeling","volume":"11","author":"Kollmannsberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31821d513e","article-title":"Resection of primary mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. A 28-year experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center","volume":"6","author":"Sarkaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093775418300071?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0093775418300071?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:54:24Z","timestamp":1758804864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0093775418300071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0093775418300071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0093-7754"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0093-7754","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Seminars in Oncology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2019.04.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}