{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:47:49Z","timestamp":1782841669500,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Nuclear Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,15]],"date-time":"2013-02-15T12:03:19Z","timestamp":1360929799000},"page":"88-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Nuclear Medicine Tests for Acute Gastrointestinal Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Tulchinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Evaluation of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of acute cholecystitis","volume":"56","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007196.pub2","article-title":"Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary colic","author":"Gurusamy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-005-0100-2","article-title":"Early versus delayed-interval laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: A metaanalysis","volume":"20","author":"Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310004056","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis: Delayed surgery or observation. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Vetrhus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2011.10.005","article-title":"Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in acute cholecystitis","volume":"42","author":"Tulchinsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0800929","article-title":"Clinical practice. Acute calculous cholecystitis","volume":"358","author":"Strasberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800840915","article-title":"Microangiopathy in acute acalculous cholecystitis","volume":"84","author":"Hakala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000171141","article-title":"Microflora of the biliary tree and liver\u2014clinical correlates","volume":"4","author":"Claesson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib9","first-page":"531","article-title":"Microflora of the gallbladder related to duration of acute cholecystitis","volume":"162","author":"Claesson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529509093276","article-title":"Septic acute cholecystitis","volume":"30","author":"Kuo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib11","series-title":"Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology\/Diagnosis\/Management","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Acalculous biliary pain, acalculous cholecystitis, cholesterolosis, adenomyomatosis, and polyps of the gallbladder","author":"Andersson","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1041363","article-title":"Rate of elective cholecystectomy and the incidence of severe gallstone disease","volume":"172","author":"Urbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.08.034","article-title":"Acute acalculous cholecystitis: A review","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.v15.i3.90","article-title":"Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis","volume":"15","author":"Schirmer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Long Term Eff Med Implants"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90086-3","article-title":"Prognosis of gallstones with mild or no symptoms: 25 Years of follow-up in a health maintenance organization","volume":"42","author":"Friedman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198507000-00009","article-title":"The natural history of diagnosed gallstone disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients","volume":"202","author":"McSherry","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib17","first-page":"14","article-title":"Is it acute cholecystitis?","volume":"68","author":"Schofield","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.1.80","article-title":"Does this patient have acute cholecystitis?","volume":"289","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800531206","article-title":"Management of acute cholecystitis","volume":"53","author":"Essenhigh","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(75)90369-4","article-title":"Counterfeit cholecystitis, a common diagnostic dilemma","volume":"130","author":"Halasz","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00708.x","article-title":"Randomized trial of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis","volume":"85","author":"Lai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199804000-00001","article-title":"Prospective randomized study of early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis","volume":"227","author":"Lo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S1091-255X(99)80008-0","article-title":"Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: A safe procedure","volume":"3","author":"Willsher","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.148.1.6856839","article-title":"Gangrenous cholecystitis: Diagnosis by ultrasound","volume":"148","author":"Jeffrey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib25","first-page":"284","article-title":"Gangrenous cholecystitis: Five patients with intestinal obstruction","volume":"58","author":"Croley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01658790","article-title":"Changing trends in surgery for acute cholecystitis","volume":"14","author":"Reiss","year":"1990","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.2.1780275","article-title":"CT findings in acute gangrenous cholecystitis","volume":"178","author":"Bennett","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113836.x","article-title":"Hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Increasing the accuracy of the preoperative diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"145","author":"Bednarz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib29","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy: Its efficacy in detecting acute cholecystitis","volume":"32","author":"Fink-Bennett","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)92503-0","article-title":"Comparison of accuracy of 99mTc-pyridoxylidene glutamate scanning with oral cholecystography and ultrasonography in diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"2","author":"Down","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(80)80021-3","article-title":"Cholecystitis: A comparison of real-time ultrasonography and technetium-99m hepatobiliary scintigraphy","volume":"31","author":"Araki","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.110.082289","article-title":"SNM practice guideline for hepatobiliary scintigraphy 4.0","volume":"38","author":"Tulchinsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nucl Med Technol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib33","first-page":"793","article-title":"Biliary scanning with Tc-99mpyridoxylideneglutamate\u2014the effect of food in normal subjects: Concise communication","volume":"18","author":"Baker","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.141.3.7197796","article-title":"The normal fasting and postprandial diisopropyl-IDA Tc 99m hepatobiliary study","volume":"141","author":"Klingensmith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib35","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging: Nonvisualization of the gallbladder secondary to prolonged fasting","volume":"23","author":"Larsen","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.138.1.1","article-title":"PIPIDA scintigraphy for cholecystitis: False positives in alcoholism and total parenteral nutrition","volume":"138","author":"Shuman","year":"1982","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-3-318","article-title":"A test for patency of the cystic duct in acute cholecystitis","volume":"82","author":"Eikman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib38","first-page":"666","article-title":"Filling, postcholecystokinin emptying, and refilling of normal gallbladder: Effects of two different doses of CCK on refilling: Concise communication","volume":"24","author":"Mesgarzadeh","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2212010154","article-title":"Normal values for sincalide cholescintigraphy: Comparison of two methods","volume":"221","author":"Ziessman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.069393","article-title":"Sincalide-stimulated cholescintigraphy: A multicenter investigation to determine optimal infusion methodology and gallbladder ejection fraction normal values","volume":"51","author":"Ziessman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib41","first-page":"668","article-title":"Use of cholescintigraphy with morphine in critically ill patients with suspected cholecystitis","volume":"106","author":"Flancbaum","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01726533","article-title":"Use of morphine cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in critically ill patients","volume":"21","author":"Flancbaum","year":"1995","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.132.4.523","article-title":"Rapid and accurate diagnosis of acute cholecystitis with 99mTc-HIDA cholescintigraphy","volume":"132","author":"Weissmann","year":"1979","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1980.01380040162029","article-title":"Hepatobiliary scanning in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"115","author":"Szlabick","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-197804000-00007","article-title":"The validity of 99mTc-pyridoxylideneglutamate (P.G.) cholescintigraphy as a diagnostic test for cholecystitis","volume":"3","author":"Stadalnik","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1980.03310140043028","article-title":"Rapid evaluation of acute abdominal pain by hepatobiliary scanning","volume":"244","author":"Freitas","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(81)90138-0","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of cholescintigraphy and ultrasonography in acute cholecystitis","volume":"141","author":"Zeman","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.137.5.973","article-title":"Cholecystitis: Prospective evaluation of sonography and 99mTc-HIDA cholescintigraphy","volume":"137","author":"Worthen","year":"1981","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.138.1.7192874","article-title":"Spectrum of 99m-Tc-IDA cholescintigraphic patterns in acute cholecystitis","volume":"138","author":"Weissmann","year":"1981","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.147.1.6828731","article-title":"A comparison of radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging and real-time ultrasound for the detection of acute cholecystitis","volume":"147","author":"Samuels","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.144.2.7089292","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of 99mTc-IDA cholescintigraphy and gray-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"144","author":"Ralls","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.142.1.7053532","article-title":"Hepatobiliary scanning with 99mTc-PIPIDA in acute cholecystitis","volume":"142","author":"Mauro","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib53","first-page":"876","article-title":"Influence of scan and pathologic criteria on the specificity of cholescintigraphy: Concise communication","volume":"24","author":"Freitas","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528109181017","article-title":"The value of 99mTc-cholescintigraphy as compared with infusion cholecystography for diagnosing acute cholecystitis","volume":"16","author":"Duch","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.151.3.6326184","article-title":"The need for routine delayed radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging in patients with intercurrent disease","volume":"151","author":"Drane","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198205000-00006","article-title":"Hepatobiliary scan with delayed gallbladder visualization in a case of acute appendicitis","volume":"7","author":"Smathers","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.151.1.6701315","article-title":"Cholescintigraphy in acute cholecystitis: Use of intravenous morphine","volume":"151","author":"Choy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib58","first-page":"26","article-title":"Hepatobiliary imaging: The diagnostic use of intravenous morphine in fasting patients","volume":"1","author":"Grund","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.147.6.1177","article-title":"Morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"147","author":"Kim","year":"1986","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib60","first-page":"148","article-title":"Role of morphine administration with 99m-technetium-labelleddi-isopropyl iminodiacetic acid in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"25","author":"Louridas","year":"1987","journal-title":"S Afr J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198801000-00002","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of intravenous morphine administration in hepatobiliary imaging for acute cholecystitis","volume":"13","author":"Vasquez","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.2.2109335","article-title":"Morphine-augmented hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the severely ill: Caution is in order","volume":"175","author":"Fig","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib63","first-page":"227","article-title":"Morphine cholescintigraphy","volume":"171","author":"Flancbaum","year":"1990","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199106000-00004","article-title":"Morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy in acute cholecystitis. A satisfactory alternative to delayed imaging","volume":"16","author":"Kistler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib65","first-page":"227","article-title":"The significance of a positive test of morphine cholescintigraphy in hospitalized patients","volume":"177","author":"Flancbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib66","first-page":"506","article-title":"Hepatobiliary scintigraphy: Morphine-augmented versus delayed imaging in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib67","first-page":"1866","article-title":"Cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: Morphine augmentation is superior to delayed imaging","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199407000-00005","article-title":"Morphine cholescintigraphy in the evaluation of hospitalized patients with suspected acute cholecystitis","volume":"220","author":"Flancbaum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib69","first-page":"267","article-title":"Gallbladder nonvisualization with pericholecystic rim sign: Morphine-augmentation optimizes diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"37","author":"Oates","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2000.105868","article-title":"Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is superior to abdominal ultrasonography in suspected acute cholecystitis","volume":"127","author":"Chatziioannou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590050589","article-title":"Contribution of cholescintigraphy to the early diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis in intensive-care-unit patients","volume":"26","author":"Prevot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199502000-00004","article-title":"Morphine-augmented versus CCK-augmented cholescintigraphy in diagnosing acute cholecystitis","volume":"16","author":"Yen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib73","first-page":"644","article-title":"Morphine augmentation increases gallbladder visualization in patients pretreated with cholecystokinin","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib74","first-page":"647","article-title":"Pharmacologic intervention for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: Cholecystokinin pretreatment or morphine, or both?","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01254469","article-title":"Variable bile retention on cholescintigraphy after morphine administration","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-200008000-00006","article-title":"Refinement of the positive predictive value of gallbladder nonvisualization after morphine administration for acute cholecystitis based on the temporal pattern of common bile duct activity","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1980.01380070014003","article-title":"Common bile duct pressure during enflurane anesthesia. Effects of morphine and subsequent naloxone","volume":"115","author":"Dedrick","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.032","article-title":"Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis caused by morphine, confirmed by positive patch test and lymphocyte transformation test","volume":"55","author":"Kardaun","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1191\/1078155204jp132oa","article-title":"Inappropriate labeling of patients as opioid allergic","volume":"10","author":"Gibar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib80","unstructured":"Cupp M. Opioid intolerance decision algorithm. Analgesic options for patients with allergic-type opioid reactions. Pharmacist's Letter\/Prescriber's Letter. \u3008http:\/\/www.paindr.com\/Opiodintolerance.pdf\u3009; 2006 Accessed September 2011."},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198004000-00001","article-title":"The role of H.I.D.A.\/P.I.P.I.D.A. scanning in diagnosing cystic duct obstruction","volume":"191","author":"Suarez","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib82","first-page":"70","article-title":"Congenital absence of the gallbladder: Another cause of false-positive hepatobiliary image","volume":"25","author":"Dickinson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198806000-00019","article-title":"Agenesis of the gallbladder. A rare cause for a false-positive hepatobiliary image","volume":"13","author":"Warshauer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01254470","article-title":"The clinical significance of gall-bladder non-visualization in cholescintigraphy of patients with choledochal cysts","volume":"23","author":"Kao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198805000-00004","article-title":"A false-positive hepatobiliary scan in a patient with cystic fibrosis","volume":"13","author":"Lane","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198308000-00002","article-title":"Unusual causes for abnormal hepatobiliary scans","volume":"8","author":"Gordon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198509000-00001","article-title":"Abscess adjacent to gallbladder. A new cause of false-positive DISIDA scan","volume":"10","author":"Weiss","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib88","first-page":"819","article-title":"Hydatid cyst of the liver rupturing into the biliary tract\u2014mimicking acute cholecystitis on hepatobiliary scanning","volume":"80","author":"Nagler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000210671.19857.25","article-title":"Significantly elongated sagging gallbladder can mimic intestine in hepatobiliary scintigraphy and cause false-positive interpretation for acute cholecystitis","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib90","first-page":"699","article-title":"Cholescintigraphy: Gallbladder nonvisualization secondary to neoplasm","volume":"22","author":"Lecklitner","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198305000-00008","article-title":"Cholescintigraphy in cholecystic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Nagle","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198307000-00041","article-title":"Unusual presentation of carcinoid tumor as acute cholecystitis","volume":"76","author":"Saxton","year":"1983","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.146.1.6849044","article-title":"Predictive value of an abnormal hepatobiliary scan in patients with severe intercurrent illness","volume":"146","author":"Kalff","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199601000-00002","article-title":"Transient false-positive hepatobiliary scan associated with ceftriaxone therapy","volume":"21","author":"Lorberboym","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199409000-00012","article-title":"Scintigraphic evaluation of bile dynamics before and after endoscopic sphincterotomy","volume":"19","author":"Chandramouli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1991.01410300084012","article-title":"Biliary patency imaging after endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy with gallbladder in situ. Clinical impact of nonvisualization","volume":"126","author":"Holbrook","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(99)80033-6","article-title":"Nonvisualization of gallbladder after endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy","volume":"29","author":"Kao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529609009136","article-title":"Gallbladder function and recurrent stones of the biliary tract in patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy","volume":"31","author":"Lai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib99","first-page":"117","article-title":"Transient nonvisualization of the gallbladder by Tc-99m HIDA cholescintigraphy in acute pancreatitis: Concise communication","volume":"23","author":"Edlund","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib100","first-page":"180","article-title":"A prospective study of radionuclide biliary scanning in acute pancreatitis","volume":"65","author":"Neoptolemos","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199109000-00002","article-title":"The cystic duct sign during morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy","volume":"16","author":"Achong","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198403000-00004","article-title":"The dilated cystic duct sign. A potential cause of false-negative cholescintigraphy","volume":"9","author":"Coleman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib103","first-page":"747","article-title":"Pitfalls in technetium-99m HIDA biliary imaging: Duodenal diverticulum simulating the gallbladder","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-200012000-00021","article-title":"Giant duodenal diverticulum: A cause of false-positive findings of magnetic resonance imaging, cholangiopancreatography, and hepatobiliary scintigraphy","volume":"25","author":"Gupta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.145.1.7122884","article-title":"Differentiation of the gallbladder from the duodenum on cholescintigrams by dynamic display","volume":"145","author":"Shaffer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib106","first-page":"961","article-title":"Enterogastric reflux mimicking gallbladder visualization in acute cholecystitis","volume":"26","author":"Subramanian","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198706000-00011","article-title":"Phantom gallbladder. A variant of the rim sign","volume":"12","author":"Arose","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.151.1.6701316","article-title":"Acute gangrenous cholecystitis: Radionuclide diagnosis","volume":"151","author":"Brachman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199321850-00007","article-title":"Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute inflammation of the gallbladder","volume":"218","author":"Cox","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199310000-00008","article-title":"The rim sign in acute cholecystitis. Comparison of radionuclide, surgical, and pathologic findings","volume":"18","author":"Brachman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199511000-00013","article-title":"Cholescintigraphy in patients with acute cholecystitis before and after percutaneous gallbladder drainage","volume":"7","author":"Borly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib112","first-page":"256","article-title":"False-negative morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy: A case of subacute gallbladder perforation","volume":"33","author":"Achong","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib113","first-page":"131","article-title":"Bile leak from gallbladder perforation mimicking bowel activity and a false-negative result in a morphine-augmented cholescintigraphy","volume":"34","author":"Shih","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib114","first-page":"167","article-title":"Enterobiliary fistulae: A potential cause of a false-negative hepatobiliary study in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis","volume":"10","author":"Ripley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.142.3.531","article-title":"Low sensitivity of sonography and cholescintigraphy in acalculous cholecystitis","volume":"142","author":"Shuman","year":"1984","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000684","article-title":"Contribution of ultrasonography and cholescintigraphy to the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis in intensive care unit patients","volume":"26","author":"Mariat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480206800115","article-title":"Ultrasound is not a useful screening tool for acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill trauma patients","volume":"68","author":"Puc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib118","first-page":"471","article-title":"Acute acalculous cholecystitis: incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and outcome","volume":"64","author":"Kalliafas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib119","first-page":"335","article-title":"Acute acalculous cholecystitis in the critically ill","volume":"60","author":"Shapiro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.147.6.1171","article-title":"The diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis: A comparison of sonography, scintigraphy, and CT","volume":"147","author":"Mirvis","year":"1986","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.160.1.3715046","article-title":"Acute acalculous cholecystitis: Sensitivity in detection using technetium-99m iminodiacetic acid cholescintigraphy","volume":"160","author":"Swayne","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib122","first-page":"650","article-title":"Cholescintigraphy in acute acalculous cholecystitis","volume":"79","author":"Ramanna","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib123","first-page":"311","article-title":"Comparison of technetium-99m-HM-PAO leukocytes with indium-111-oxine leukocytes for localizing intraabdominal sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Mountford","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib124","first-page":"803","article-title":"Indium-111-leukocyte imaging in acute cholecystitis","volume":"32","author":"Fink-Bennett","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199406000-00001","article-title":"Normal cholescintigram in In-111 WBC positive acute acalculous cholecystitis. The converse photopenic \u2018rim\u2019 sign","volume":"19","author":"Pounds","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199002000-00001","article-title":"Tc-99m white cell scintigraphy in suspected acute infection","volume":"15","author":"Southee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/028418519103200504","article-title":"Scintigraphy with 99mTc-HMPAO labeled leukocytes in acute cholecystitis","volume":"32","author":"Lantto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/01.RLU.0000048486.37794.8F","article-title":"Ring-like FDG uptake in acute cholecystitis","volume":"28","author":"Kao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000191567.16067.83","article-title":"FDG PET imaging of acute cholecystitis","volume":"31","author":"Kitazono","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib130","first-page":"234","article-title":"FDG uptake in gall bladder in the PET and PET\/CT scan of three oncology patients","volume":"26","author":"Nunez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Esp Med Nucl"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.155.3.3890007","article-title":"Real-time sonography in suspected acute cholecystitis. Prospective evaluation of primary and secondary signs","volume":"155","author":"Ralls","year":"1985","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.156.5.2017956","article-title":"Sonography of the gallbladder: Significance of striated (layered) thickening of the gallbladder wall","volume":"156","author":"Teefey","year":"1991","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1991.10.11.603","article-title":"Gangrenous cholecystitis: New observations on sonography","volume":"10","author":"Teefey","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870170404","article-title":"The ultrasound spectrum of emphysematous cholecystitis","volume":"17","author":"Bloom","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.272055148","article-title":"MR imaging of acute biliary disorders","volume":"27","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-008-9381-y","article-title":"MR imaging in the triage of pregnant patients with acute abdominal and pelvic pain","volume":"34","author":"Oto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.5.680","article-title":"A prospective evaluation of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in patients with suspected bile duct obstruction","volume":"43","author":"Adamek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i18.2529","article-title":"Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: A useful tool in the evaluation of pancreatic and biliary disorders","volume":"13","author":"Halefoglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-6-9","article-title":"MRCP compared to diagnostic ERCP for diagnosis when biliary obstruction is suspected: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Kaltenthaler","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.215.3.r00ma12737","article-title":"Detection of choledocholithiasis with MR cholangiography: Comparison of three-dimensional fast spin-echo and single- and multisection half-Fourier rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement sequences","volume":"215","author":"Soto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-9689(03)00055-2","article-title":"MR imaging of the gallbladder","volume":"10","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.209.3.9844674","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis: Comparison of MR cholangiography and US","volume":"209","author":"Park","year":"1998","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.4.1740973","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of gallbladder abnormalities seen on sonography in intensive care unit patients","volume":"174","author":"Boland","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2539-2","article-title":"Gallbladder wall thickening: MR imaging and pathologic correlation with emphasis on layered pattern","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10356","article-title":"The interrupted rim sign in acute cholecystitis: A method to identify the gangrenous form with MRI","volume":"18","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1673.2002.01011.x","article-title":"MRI of perforated gall bladder","volume":"46","author":"Sood","year":"2002","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.164.2.7839966","article-title":"CT finding of transient focal increased attenuation of the liver adjacent to the gallbladder in acute cholecystitis","volume":"164","author":"Yamashita","year":"1995","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199707000-00025","article-title":"Dynamic MRI using a surface coil in chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma: Radiologic and histopathologic correlation","volume":"21","author":"Demachi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.213.3.r99dc17831","article-title":"Acute biliary disease: Initial CT and follow-up US versus initial US and follow-up CT","volume":"213","author":"Harvey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-010-9612-x","article-title":"Discrimination of gangrenous from uncomplicated acute cholecystitis: Accuracy of CT findings","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-004-0217-0","article-title":"Gangrenous cholecystitis: Prediction with CT imaging","volume":"30","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib152","first-page":"419","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: A population-based study","volume":"92","author":"Longstreth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.017558","article-title":"Management of haematemesis and melaena","volume":"80","author":"Palmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib154","first-page":"206","article-title":"Epidemiology of hospitalization for acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: A population-based study","volume":"90","author":"Longstreth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib155","series-title":"Nuclear Medicine in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Ell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.131.6.1015","article-title":"Intermittent bleeding from minute to minute in acute massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Arteriographic demonstration","volume":"131","author":"Sos","year":"1978","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib157","first-page":"324","article-title":"Scintigraphic detection of gastrointestinal bleeding: A review of current methods","volume":"78","author":"Winzelberg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-200206000-00013","article-title":"The clinical utility of nuclear medicine imaging for the detection of occult gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"23","author":"Howarth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib159","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Procedure guideline for gastrointestinal bleeding and Meckel's diverticulum scintigraphy","volume":"40","author":"Ford","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(03)00033-3","article-title":"Acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"33","author":"Zuckier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib161","first-page":"129","article-title":"Occult and obscure bleeding, iron deficiency anemia and other gastrointestinal stories","volume":"15","author":"Marignani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2005.11.001","article-title":"The role of nuclear medicine in the detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"36","author":"Howarth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1148\/124.3.753","article-title":"Scintigraphic detection of acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"124","author":"Alavi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-200206000-00003","article-title":"Tc-99m sulfur colloid and Tc-99m tagged red blood cell methods are comparable for detecting lower gastrointestinal bleeding in clinical practice","volume":"27","author":"Ponzo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.137.6.1113","article-title":"99mTc red blood cells for detection of gastrointestinal bleeding: Experience with 80 patients","volume":"137","author":"McKusick","year":"1981","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.143.3.543","article-title":"Scintigraphy of gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Superiority of 99mTc red blood cells over 99mTc sulfur colloid","volume":"143","author":"Bunker","year":"1984","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib167","first-page":"514","article-title":"Bleeding rates necessary for detecting acute gastrointestinal bleeding with technetium-99m-labeled red blood cells in an experimental model","volume":"28","author":"Thorne","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.5.869","article-title":"99mTc RBC scintigraphy: Correlation of gastrointestinal bleeding rates with scintigraphic findings","volume":"148","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.135.9.1076","article-title":"Cinematic nuclear scintigraphy reliably directs surgical intervention for patients with gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"135","author":"O'Neill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.185.1.1523306","article-title":"Gastrointestinal bleeding: Improved localization with cine scintigraphy","volume":"185","author":"Maurer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-198201000-00011","article-title":"Gastrointestinal bleeding: An accessory spleen causing a false-positiveTc-99m-sulfur colloid study","volume":"7","author":"Heyman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199205000-00017","article-title":"Incidental detection of ruptured spleen during Tc-99m RBC gastrointestinal bleeding study","volume":"17","author":"Champagne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2006.07.001","article-title":"Single-photon emission computed tomography\/computed tomography in abdominal diseases","volume":"37","author":"Schillaci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000167516.18157.2c","article-title":"Localization of intestinal bleeding using a fusion of Tc-99m-labeled RBC SPECT and X-ray CT","volume":"30","author":"Yama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib175","first-page":"281","article-title":"SPECT\/CT with a hybrid imaging system in the study of lower gastrointestinal bleeding with technetium-99m red blood cells","volume":"53","author":"Schillaci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000119642","article-title":"Possible role of Meckel's scan fused with SPECT CT imaging: Unraveling the cause of abdominal pain and obscure-overt gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"2","author":"Turgeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Nuclear Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001299812001328?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0001299812001328?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T15:19:50Z","timestamp":1688051990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0001299812001328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"references-count":176,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0001299812001328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2012.11.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-2998"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-2998","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}}}