{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T12:40:53Z","timestamp":1762864853379},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,6]],"date-time":"2004-12-06T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1102366065000},"page":"5-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance among pediatric respiratory tract infections: clinical challenges"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Michael R","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Dagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199808001-00002","article-title":"Microbiology of bacterial respiratory infections","volume":"17","author":"Cappelletty","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199709000-00007","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal colonization in Costa Rican children during the first year of life","volume":"16","author":"Vives","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1086\/516103","article-title":"Duration of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"25","author":"Ekdahl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199401001-00012","article-title":"Childhood sinusitis","volume":"13","author":"Giebink","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200210000-00003","article-title":"Flaws in design and conduct of clinical trials in acute otitis media","volume":"21","author":"Dagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200206000-00035","article-title":"Management of community-acquired pediatric pneumonia in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance and conjugate vaccines","volume":"21","author":"Bradley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.1.271","article-title":"In vivo correlates for Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance in acute otitis media","volume":"39","author":"Gehanno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199901000-00002","article-title":"Acute otitis media","volume":"18","author":"Dowell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.1.1","article-title":"Reducing antibiotic use in children","volume":"108","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1067\/mhn.2000.107873","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership","volume":"123","year":"2000","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000048489","article-title":"Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"46","author":"Bartlett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199811000-00004","article-title":"Etiology of childhood pneumonia","volume":"17","author":"Heiskanen-Kosma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199702000-00004","article-title":"Antimicrobial prescribing for acute purulent rhinitis in children","volume":"16","author":"Schwartz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1086\/322627","article-title":"Excessive antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in the United States","volume":"33","author":"Gonzales","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.589","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in middle ear fluid","volume":"42","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1086\/338642","article-title":"Etiological diagnosis of childhood pneumonia by use of transthoracic needle aspiration and modern microbiological methods","volume":"34","author":"Vuori-Holopainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00394-8","article-title":"Bacterial eradication in the treatment of otitis media","volume":"2","author":"Dagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.44.6.940","article-title":"The \u201cin vivo sensitivity test\u201d\u2014bacteriology of middle ear exudate, during antimicrobial therapy in otitis media","volume":"44","author":"Howie","year":"1969","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200103000-00014","article-title":"Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization in young South Indian infants","volume":"20","author":"Coles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199611073351907","article-title":"Antimicrobial-drug resistance","volume":"335","author":"Gold","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB21","series-title":"Twelfth Informational Supplement (M100\u2013S12)","article-title":"NCCLS Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg321","article-title":"The Alexander Project 1998\u20132000","volume":"52","author":"Jacobs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1999.5.91","article-title":"Penicillin-binding proteins in beta-lactam-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"5","author":"Hakenbeck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1086\/341980","article-title":"In vivo veritas","volume":"35","author":"Jacobs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1086\/341978","article-title":"Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"35","author":"Lonks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200002000-00002","article-title":"Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of amoxicillin\/clavulanate vs azithromycin in acute otitis media","volume":"19","author":"Dagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.1.43-50.2000","article-title":"Bacteriologic efficacies of oral azithromycin and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children","volume":"44","author":"Dagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.2.191","article-title":"The Alexander Project 1996\u20131997","volume":"45","author":"Felmingham","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB29","first-page":"297","article-title":"Surveillance for penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae\u2013New York City, 1995","volume":"46","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012283432603","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States","volume":"343","author":"Whitney","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.8.1901","article-title":"Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"43","author":"Jacobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB32","first-page":"149","article-title":"Historic low Haemophilus influenzae type B case tally-Canada 2000","volume":"27","author":"Scheifele","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199702001-00002","article-title":"Role of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in pediatric respiratory tract infections","volume":"16","author":"Klein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199610000-00031","article-title":"Increasing importance of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199809000-00005","article-title":"Early eradication of pathogens from middle ear fluid during antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media is associated with improved clinical outcome","volume":"17","author":"Dagan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1693-1699.2001","article-title":"Association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin- resistant Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"45","author":"Ubukata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB37","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effects of an efflux mechanism and ribosomal mutations on macrolide susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae clinical isolates","author":"Peric","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB38","first-page":"309","article-title":"Molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in non-typable Haemophilus influenzae","volume":"13","author":"Sanchez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiologia"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200004000-00032","article-title":"Etiology and treatment of pneumonia","volume":"19","author":"McCracken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"suppl A","key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.suppl_A.117","article-title":"Trends in antibiotic resistance of respiratory pathogens","volume":"38","author":"Baquero","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(01)00631-0","article-title":"Antimicrobial guidelines for the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in immunocompetent children","volume":"63","author":"Poole","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB42","first-page":"68","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines for treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections in the era of antibiotic resistance","volume":"14","author":"Jacobs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Manag Care Interface"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB43","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Appropriate use of antibiotics for URIs in children: Part II. Cough, pharyngitis and the common cold. The Pediatric URI Consensus Team","volume":"58","author":"Dowell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199704000-00029","article-title":"Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media","volume":"16","author":"Block","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S70","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199401000-00002","article-title":"Complications of streptococcal pharyngitis","volume":"13","author":"Shulman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf802","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics against community-acquired respiratory pathogens from three European countries","volume":"50","author":"Schito","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199912000-00008","article-title":"Susceptibility of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci to thirteen antibiotics","volume":"18","author":"Kaplan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013169","article-title":"Erythromycin-resistant group A streptococci in schoolchildren in Pittsburgh","volume":"346","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200208223470815","article-title":"Erythromycin-resistant group A streptococci","volume":"347","author":"Linder","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1086\/319981","article-title":"Role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae in children with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"32","author":"Principi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199706000-00003","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in healthy children and in children with respiratory tract infections","volume":"16","author":"Falck","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.10.1005","article-title":"Use of simple heuristics to target macrolide prescription in children with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"156","author":"Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011994","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"346","author":"McIntosh","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1086\/344191","article-title":"Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae and atypical bacterial infections in children 2\u20135 years of age with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"35","author":"Esposito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199101000-00009","article-title":"Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Gambian children: II. Acute lower respiratory tract infection in children ages one to nine years presenting at the hospital","volume":"10","author":"Forgie","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1971.02110040062002","article-title":"Lung puncture in the etiological diagnosis of pneumonia. A study of 543 infants and children","volume":"122","author":"Mimica","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0806.010313","article-title":"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Finland","volume":"8","author":"Salmenlinna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1086\/520438","article-title":"Editorial response","volume":"29","author":"Kak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2165\/00128072-200204020-00001","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia in pediatric patients","volume":"4","author":"Zar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723871","article-title":"Pneumonia due to unusual organisms in children","volume":"66","author":"Chugh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/00365549950163536","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia in school-aged children","volume":"31","author":"Heiskanen-Kosma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200004000-00006","article-title":"Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children","volume":"19","author":"Juven","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80263-4","article-title":"Risk of secondary bacterial infection in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial viral infection","volume":"113","author":"Hall","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199803000-00011","article-title":"Sepsis evaluations in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis","volume":"17","author":"Antonow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.322","article-title":"Concurrent serious bacterial infections in 2396 infants and children hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"156","author":"Purcell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB66","series-title":"Control of Communicable Diseases Manual","author":"Benenson","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB67","series-title":"The World Health Report 2002","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1986.11748409","article-title":"Measles pneumonia","volume":"6","author":"Morton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.3.395","article-title":"Late morphologic consequences of measles","volume":"5","author":"Kaschula","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.2.129","article-title":"Evidence to support the rationale that bacterial eradication in respiratory tract infection is an important aim of antimicrobial therapy","volume":"47","author":"Dagan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB71","first-page":"17","volume":"20","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199611000-00010","article-title":"Impaired bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins in acute otitis media caused by pneumococci with intermediate resistance to penicillin","volume":"15","author":"Dagan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1086\/514120","article-title":"Bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins","volume":"176","author":"Dagan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200005001-00009","article-title":"Clinical significance of antibiotic resistance in acute otitis media and implication of antibiotic treatment on carriage and spread of resistant organisms","volume":"19","author":"Dagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/516284","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"26","author":"Craig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00295.x","article-title":"Optimisation of antimicrobial therapy using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"7","author":"Jacobs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"suppl A","key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.suppl_A.141","article-title":"Relevance of the Alexander project","volume":"38","author":"Drusano","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1086\/520451","article-title":"Nationwide survey in Italy of treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis in children: influence of macrolide resistance on clinical and microbiological outcomes. Artemis-Italy Study Group","volume":"29","author":"Varaldo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jac.a020891","article-title":"The evolving threat of antibiotic resistance in Europe","volume":"46T1","author":"Schito","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199811000-00018","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae revisited","volume":"17","author":"McMillan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-001-1072-3","article-title":"Influence of macrolide antibiotics on promotion of resistance in the oral flora of children","volume":"29","author":"Kastner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199500492-00015","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones in paediatrics\u20131995","volume":"49","author":"Dagan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1086\/341900","article-title":"The battle against emerging antibiotic resistance","volume":"35","author":"Mandell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB84","first-page":"S651","article-title":"Emergence of antibiotic resistance in upper and lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"5","author":"Jacobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)31089-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of otitis media","volume":"24","author":"Daly","year":"1991","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901283400402","article-title":"Prevalence of various respiratory viruses in the middle ear during acute otitis media","volume":"340","author":"Heikkinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200210000-00025","article-title":"Evaluation of middle ear fluid in acute otitis media with Gram-stained smear","volume":"21","author":"Oguz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200005001-00008","article-title":"Increasing antibiotic resistance among otitis media pathogens and their susceptibility to oral agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters","volume":"19","author":"Jacobs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200210000-00002","article-title":"Acute otitis media, antibiotics, children and clinical trial design","volume":"21","author":"Marchant","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80601-8","article-title":"Measuring the comparative efficacy of antibacterial agents for acute otitis media","volume":"120","author":"Marchant","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.6.1209","article-title":"Acute community-acquired sinusitis","volume":"23","author":"Gwaltney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB92","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Appropriate use of antibiotics for URIs in children: Part I. Otitis media and acute sinusitis. The Pediatric URI Consensus Team","volume":"58","author":"Dowell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10238-6","article-title":"Magnitude of the problem of childhood pneumonia","volume":"354","author":"Mulholland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths","volume":"49","author":"Hoyert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1086\/319213","article-title":"Reappraisal of lung tap","volume":"32","author":"Vuori-Holopainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199902000-00004","article-title":"Etiology and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in ambulatory children","volume":"18","author":"Wubbel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70390-2","article-title":"Occult pneumonias","volume":"33","author":"Bachur","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200003000-00016","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"19","author":"Nelson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200009000-00036","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of pneumonia in children","volume":"19","author":"McCracken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199604000-00017","article-title":"Prospective comparative study of viral, bacterial and atypical organisms identified in pneumonia and bronchiolitis in hospitalized Canadian infants","volume":"15","author":"Davies","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960100570","article-title":"Use of antimicrobial agents for community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalised children","volume":"20","author":"Esposito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113061","article-title":"Pneumonia","volume":"113","author":"Murphy","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102083440602","article-title":"Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media","volume":"344","author":"Eskola","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB104","series-title":"Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the epidemiology of invasive disease in children less than five years of age within Northern California Kaiser Permanente (NCKP)","author":"Shinefield","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200004000-00036","article-title":"Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in large scale field trials","volume":"19","author":"Shinefield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199810000-00005","article-title":"Characteristics of acute pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus- infected children and association with long term mortality risk. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Clinical Trial Study Group","volume":"17","author":"Mofenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1086\/313925","article-title":"Increased disease burden and antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing severe community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children","volume":"31","author":"Madhi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB108","first-page":"173","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency-virus-related pulmonary infections in children","volume":"11","author":"McSherry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.52.12.925","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia in Nigerian children. Value of needle aspiration of lung of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis","volume":"52","author":"Silverman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199810000-00004","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of azithromycin in the treatment of community- acquired pneumonia in children","volume":"17","author":"Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1086\/323027","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility of such isolates in children with otitis media","volume":"33","author":"Joloba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022823","article-title":"Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein- polysaccharide conjugate vaccine","volume":"348","author":"Whitney","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.5.645","article-title":"Anti-pneumococcal activity of gatifloxacin compared with other quinolone and non-quinolone agents","volume":"43","author":"Hoellman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-999-0004-8","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"1","author":"Jacobs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.3.381","article-title":"Antipneumococcal activity of MEN 10700, a new penem, compared with other compounds, by MIC and time-kill kinetics","volume":"44","author":"Pankuch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.3.624","article-title":"Susceptibilities of penicillin- and erythromycin-susceptible and - resistant pneumococci to HMR 3647 (RU 66647), a new ketolide, compared with susceptibilities to 17 other agents","volume":"42","author":"Pankuch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003_BIB117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.1.42-46.2002","article-title":"Antipneumococcal activity of ertapenem (MK-0826) compared to those of other agents","volume":"46","author":"Pankuch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1045187004000044?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1045187004000044?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T18:27:24Z","timestamp":1682879244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1045187004000044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1045187004000044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.spid.2004.01.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-1870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-1870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}