{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:32:02Z","timestamp":1790505122596,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1151712000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,24]],"date-time":"2006-08-24T17:09:00Z","timestamp":1156439340000},"page":"161-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Plague: A Review of its History and Potential as a Biological Weapon"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"B. Lee","family":"Ligon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2004.11928002","article-title":"Biological warfare and bioterrorism","volume":"17","author":"Riedel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Baylor U Med Cent"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Bioterrorism Agents\/Diseases. Available at: http:\/\/www.bt.cdc.gov\/agent\/agentlist-category.asp#a. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib3","unstructured":"I Samuel 5:6, 9 (NIV)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2005.11928049","article-title":"Plague","volume":"18","author":"Riedel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib5","unstructured":"McGovern TW, Friedlander AM: Plague, in Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR (eds): Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington DC, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 1997. Available at: http:\/\/www.bordeninstitute.army.mil\/cwbw\/default_index.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib6","unstructured":"Tucydides: The Peloponnesian War. London, J. M. Dent, New York, E. P. Dutton, 1910. Available at http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=Tuch.+2.56.1"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2307\/293979","article-title":"Galen and the Antonine plague","volume":"94","author":"Littman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Philology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib8","unstructured":"Zosimus: New History. London, Green and Chaplin, 1814. Available at http:\/\/www.the325project.org\/factlog\/ZosimusNewHistory.xml. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib9","unstructured":"Precopius: The Plague, 542. History of the Wars, II.xxii-xxxiii. Available at: http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/source\/542procopius-plague.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib10","first-page":"66","article-title":"How a mysterious disease laid low Europe\u2019s masses","volume":"20","author":"Mee","year":"1990","journal-title":"Smithsonian"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib11","series-title":"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire","author":"Gibbon","year":"1781"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib12","series-title":"Byzantium","article-title":"Justinian I and his successors, AD 527-610","author":"Nicol","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib13","series-title":"Plagues and Peoples","author":"McNeill","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib14","unstructured":"Smith, CA: Plague in the ancient world: A study from Thucydides to Justinian. Available at http:\/\/www.loyno.edu\/\u223chistory\/journal\/1996-7\/Smith.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib15","unstructured":"Chamberlain, NR: Plague. Lecture on Lymphoreticular and Hematopoetic Infections. Available at http:\/\/www.kcom\/edu\/faculty\/chamberlain\/website\/lectures\/lecture\/plague.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90247-2","article-title":"The black death past and present, II","volume":"83","author":"Slack","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib17","unstructured":"The Black Death. Available at http:\/\/www.insecta-inspecta.com\/fleas\/bdeath\/Black.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0288-118","article-title":"The bubonic plague","volume":"Feb","author":"McEvedy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib19","unstructured":"Ibeji M: Black Death the disease. London: BBC. Available at http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/society_culture\/welfare\/blackdisease_01.shtml. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib20","series-title":"The Decameron","first-page":"24","author":"Boccaccio","year":"1954"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib21","series-title":"Disease and History","first-page":"42","author":"Cartwright","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib22","unstructured":"Anonymous: Plague and public health in Renaissance Europe. Available at http:\/\/www.3iath.virginia.edu\/osheim\/plaguein.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib23","series-title":"The Black Death and the Transformation of the West","author":"Herlihy","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib24","unstructured":"Wikipedia The Black Death. Available at http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Death. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib25","unstructured":"Hall KC: Ring Around the Rosy. http:\/\/alumni.media.mit.edu\/\u223ckristin\/songbook\/CircleGames\/RingAroundTheRosy.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib26","unstructured":"National Association of School Psychologists: Schoolyard tragedies Coping with the aftermath. Available at: http:\/\/www.nasponline.org\/NEAT\/neat_school.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib27","unstructured":"Indiana University School of Medicine. Ring around the rosy. Available at http:\/\/www.soundmedicine.iu.edu\/segment.php4?seg=138. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib28","unstructured":"Snopes: Ring around the rosie. Available at http:\/\/www.snopes.com\/language\/literary\/rosie.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib29","first-page":"646","article-title":"The black death in England","volume":"59","author":"Sloan","year":"1981","journal-title":"SA Mediese Tydskrif"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.4.658","article-title":"Plagues\u2014What\u2019s past is present","volume":"13","author":"Ampel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib31","unstructured":"Plague essential data. Available at: http:\/\/www.cbwinfo.com\/Biological\/Pathogens\/YP.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib32","series-title":"The Coming Plague","first-page":"237","author":"Garrett","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib33","unstructured":"St. Roth Catholic Encyclopedia. Available at http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/13100c.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00059-2","article-title":"Plague","volume":"98","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib35","first-page":"799","article-title":"Plague in Vietnam","volume":"13","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.Supplement_1.S10","article-title":"KF","volume":"129","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib37","unstructured":"Theuns-De Boer G: Bubonic Plague in Bombay, 1896-1914. Available online at http:\/\/www.iias.nl\/iiasn\/25\/regions\/25SA1.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib38","first-page":"260","article-title":"A long pull, a strong pull and all together","volume":"66","author":"Risse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib39","unstructured":"Bubonic plague hits San Francisco 1900-1909. A Science Odyssey. People and Discoveries. PBS home Programs. Available at http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/aso\/databank\/entries\/dm00bu.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03140320027008","article-title":"Human plague in the United States, 1900-1966","volume":"205","author":"Caten","year":"1968","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib41","unstructured":"Grace, C Plague. Fletcher Allen Health Care. The University of Vermont College of Medicine. Available at: www.fahc.org\/.\/Healthcare_Providers_Contribution\/ Bioterrorism_Curriculum\/Email_7_Plague_May_.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib42","series-title":"Plague and Other Yersinia Infections","author":"Butler","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib43","first-page":"121","article-title":"Alexandre Yersin","volume":"24","author":"Bendiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hosp Pract"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis\u2014Etiologic agent of plague","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1902.1461","article-title":"Remarks on the plague prophylactic fluid","volume":"1","author":"Haffkine","year":"1897","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/44.3.296","article-title":"Richard Peason Strong and the Manchurian epidemic of pneumonic plague, 1910-1911","volume":"44","author":"Chernin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Hist Med Allied Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib47","series-title":"Plague fighter","author":"Wu","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1950.02920120006003","article-title":"Modern therapy of plague","volume":"144","author":"Meyer","year":"1950","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.25.3.249-261.1961","article-title":"Pneumonic plague","volume":"25","author":"Meyer","year":"1961","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib50","first-page":"653","article-title":"Effectiveness of live or killed plague vaccines in man","volume":"42","author":"Meyer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.Supplement_1.S85","article-title":"Live, attenuated Yersinia pestis vaccine","volume":"129","author":"Meyer","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0809.010536","article-title":"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa","volume":"8","author":"Wheelis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.196.1.59","article-title":"De Mussis and the great plague of 1348. A forgotten episode of bacteriological warfare","volume":"196","author":"Derbes","year":"1966","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib54","unstructured":"De Mussis G: Historica de Morbo s. Mortalitate quae fuit Anno Dni MCCCXLVIII. Cited in: Derbes VJ, Eitzen, Takafuji. Historical overview of biological warfare, in Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR (eds): Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Washington DC, Borden Institute. Available at: http:\/\/ww.bordeninstitute.army.mil\/cwbw\/default_index.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib55","unstructured":"History of Bioterrorism. A chronological History of Bioterrorism and Biowarfare Throughout the Ages. http:\/\/www.bioterry.com\/HistoryBioTerr.html. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib56","unstructured":"Hough AJ: Historical roots of bioterrorism and implications for the future. Satellite Conference, April 27, 2005. Available at www.maphtc.iupui.edu\/html\/CD_Training\/Bioterrorism\/video\/407rootshandouts.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib57","unstructured":"Dire DJ, Long DA, Williams LD: Historical Aspects of Biological Warfare, Emedicine. Available at: http:\/\/www.emedicine.com\/emerg\/topic853.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib58","unstructured":"Johnson TJ: A history of biological warfare from 300 B.C.E. to the present. American Associaton of Respiratory Care. Available at: http:\/\/www.aarc.org\/resources\/biological\/history.asp. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib59","series-title":"Unit 731","author":"Williams","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/39.2.153","article-title":"\u201cGerm warfare\u201d and public health in the Korean confluct","volume":"39","author":"Cowdrey","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Hist Med All Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis CJ: Nuclear blindness: an overview of the biological weapons programs of the former Soviet Union and Iraq. Emerg Infect Dis special issue. Available at http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/EID\/vol5no4\/davis.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0504.990408"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib62","series-title":"Health Aspects of Chemical and Biological Weapons","first-page":"98","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410500496896","article-title":"The anti-plague system and the Soviet biological warfare program","volume":"32","author":"Zilinskas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib64","first-page":"40","article-title":"Planning a plague?","author":"Barry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Newsweek Feb 1"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib65","article-title":"The untold story of Russia\u2019s secret biological weapons","author":"Adams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sunday Times (London), March 27"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib66","article-title":"Russia promises to discontinue production of bacteriological weapons. Military maintains that Americans confused them with veterinary scientists","author":"Frolov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nezavisimaya Gazeta 15 September"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib67","article-title":"Interview with Russian President Boris Yeltsin in Moscow 23 May 1992: Boris Yeltsin: I am not hiding the difficulties and I want the people to understand this","author":"Muratov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Komsomolskaya Pravda 27 May"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib68","unstructured":"Pearson GS: The threat of deliberate disease in the 21st century. Available at: http:\/\/www.brad.ac.uk\/acad\/sbtwc\/other\/disease.htm. Accessed July 20, 2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib69","series-title":"China may have revived germ weapons program, U.S. officials say","author":"Smith","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib70","series-title":"Proliferation Threats of the 1990s, 103rd Cong., 1st sess, S. Hrg 103-208","first-page":"103","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib71","first-page":"6","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control Agreements"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199709043371004","article-title":"Multidrug resistance in Yersinia pestis mediated by a transferable plasmid","volume":"337","author":"Galimand","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0701.010106","article-title":"Transferable plasmid-mediated resistance to streptomycin in a clinical isolate of Yersinia pestis","volume":"7","author":"Guiyoule","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1045187006000513?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1045187006000513?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T23:57:03Z","timestamp":1587167823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1045187006000513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1045187006000513"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.spid.2006.07.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1045-1870"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1045-1870","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]}}}