{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:19:12Z","timestamp":1791407952295,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,18]],"date-time":"2010-05-18T05:20:58Z","timestamp":1274160058000},"page":"230-245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Magnetic Resonance Techniques for the Brainstem"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Alvarez-Linera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00277-4","article-title":"Technical issues for MRI examination of the posterior fossa","volume":"172","author":"McGowan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.2.2014270","article-title":"MR of the brain stem: A practical approach","volume":"179","author":"Bradley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00278-6","article-title":"The contribution of MRI in the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa damage","volume":"172","author":"Gass","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00279-8","article-title":"Assessment of posterior fossa damage in MS using MRI","volume":"172","author":"Yousry","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib5","first-page":"699","article-title":"Fast spin-echo and fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery versus conventional spin-echo sequences for MR quantification of multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"18","author":"Bastianello","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.3.9725320","article-title":"Usefulness of optimized gadolinium-enhanced fast fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in revealing lesions of the brain","volume":"171","author":"Melhem","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0b013e3180f612b3","article-title":"High-field-strength magnetic resonance: Potential and limits","volume":"18","author":"Ladd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2007.06.002","article-title":"A review of MR physics: 3T versus 1.5T","volume":"15","author":"Soher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2008.12.005","article-title":"Neurovascular imaging at 1.5 Tesla versus 3.0 Tesla","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib10","series-title":"3.0 T neuroimaging: Technical considerations and clinical applications","author":"Willinek","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e3181a00d09","volume":"44","author":"Fries","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1461","article-title":"Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2","volume":"30","author":"Mittal","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1401","article-title":"Characterizing the mesencephalon using susceptibility-weighted imaging","volume":"30","author":"Manova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib14","first-page":"169","article-title":"High-resolution depiction of the cranial nerves in the posterior fossa (N III-N XII) with 2D fast spin echo and 3D gradient echo sequences at 3.0 T","author":"Fischbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Imaging33"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib15","first-page":"810","article-title":"Spatial relationship between vestibular schwannoma and facial nerve on three-dimensional T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR images","volume":"21","author":"Sartoretti-Schefer","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib16","first-page":"1823","article-title":"Delineation of small nerves and blood vessels with three-dimensional fast spin-echo MR imaging: Comparison of presurgical and surgical findings in patients with hemifacial spasm","volume":"19","author":"Mitsuoka","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0963","article-title":"Brain tumor imaging in clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Henson","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2372-7","article-title":"Comparison of flow artifacts between 2D-FLAIR and 3D-FLAIR sequences at 3 T","volume":"14","author":"Naganawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-0107-z","article-title":"Detection of lesions in multiple sclerosis by 2D FLAIR and single-slab 3D FLAIR sequences at 3.0 T: Initial results","volume":"16","author":"Bink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.5.151","article-title":"Prompt contrast enhancement of cerebrospinal fluid space in the fundus of the internal auditory canal: observations in patients with meningeal diseases on 3D-FLAIR images at 3 Tesla","volume":"5","author":"Naganawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib21","first-page":"553","article-title":"Intracranial meningeal disease: comparison of contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and fat-suppressed T1-weighted sequences","volume":"26","author":"Galassi","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.04.018","article-title":"A high resolution and high contrast MRI for differentiation of subcortical structures for DBS targeting: the fast Gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recovery (FGATIR)","volume":"47","author":"Sudhyadhom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1669","article-title":"Localization of the subthalamic nucleus: optimization with susceptibility-weighted phase MR imaging","volume":"30","author":"Vertinsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2282020439","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: evaluation of neuralgic manifestation and site of neurovascular compression with 3D CISS MR imaging and MR angiography","volume":"228","author":"Yoshino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2006.03.002","article-title":"3.0 T versus 1.5 T MR angiography of the head and neck","volume":"16","author":"DeLano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.02.045","article-title":"3T MRI: Advances in brain imaging","volume":"67","author":"Alvarez-Linera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20247","article-title":"3.0-Tesla MR angiography of intracranial aneurysms: comparison of time-of-flight and contrast-enhanced techniques","volume":"21","author":"Gibbs","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.546663","article-title":"4D radial acquisition contrast-enhanced MR angiography and intracranial arteriovenous malformations: Quickly approaching digital subtraction angiography","volume":"40","author":"Eddleman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1898","article-title":"Evaluation of dural arteriovenous fistulas with 4D contrast-enhanced MR angiography at 3T","volume":"31","author":"Nishimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1646","article-title":"Dural arteriovenous fistula: Diagnosis and classification with time-resolved MR angiography at 3T","volume":"30","author":"Farb","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.04.023","article-title":"Diffusion weighted MR imaging in non-infarct lesions of the brain","volume":"65","author":"Karaarslan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.2.109","article-title":"MR imaging of epidermoids at the cerebellopontine angle","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.155.5.2120936","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain: Value of differentiating between extraaxial cysts and epidermoid tumors","volume":"155","author":"Tsuruda","year":"1990","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2008.00263.x","article-title":"Predicting the histopathological grade of cerebral gliomas using high b value MR DW imaging at 3-Tesla","volume":"18","author":"Alvarez-Linera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib35","first-page":"1325","article-title":"High-resolution diffusion tensor imaging of the brain stem at 3 T","volume":"25","author":"Nagae-Poetscher","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-007-0267-4","article-title":"Anatomical parcellation of the brainstem and cerebellar white matter: a preliminary probabilistic tractography study at 3 T","volume":"49","author":"Habas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304084.59964.e2","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of the pyramidal tracts in infants with motor dysfunction","volume":"71","author":"Ludeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.041","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects early Wallerian degeneration of the pyramidal tract after ischemic stroke","volume":"22","author":"Thomalla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn195","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted brain imaging study of patients with clinical diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease","volume":"131","author":"Rizzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256340.16766.1d","article-title":"Loss of anisotropy in trigeminal neuralgia revealed by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"68","author":"Herweh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0150-9861(05)83159-1","article-title":"Comparative overview of brain perfusion imaging techniques","volume":"32","author":"Wintermark","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2009.08.007","article-title":"Magnetic resonance perfusion and permeability imaging in brain tumors","volume":"19","author":"Lacerda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1392","article-title":"Proton MR spectroscopy improves discrimination between tumor and pseudotumoral lesion in solid brain masses","volume":"30","author":"Maj\u00f3s","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000356982.82378.BA","article-title":"Diagnostic value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the noninvasive grading of solid gliomas: Comparison of maximum and mean choline values","volume":"65","author":"Senft","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib45","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Glioma grading: Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of perfusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging compared with conventional MR imaging","volume":"24","author":"Law","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W45","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3934","article-title":"Developing a clinical decision model: MR spectroscopy to differentiate between recurrent tumor and radiation change in patients with new contrast-enhancing lesions","volume":"192","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10189","article-title":"Single-voxel long TE 1H-MR spectroscopy of the normal brainstem and cerebellum","volume":"16","author":"Mascalchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2594(200001)43:1<23::AID-MRM4>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Very selective suppression pulses for clinical MRSI studies of brain and prostate cancer","volume":"43","author":"Tran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0221-5","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in childhood brainstem lesions","volume":"23","author":"Porto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199702000-00018","article-title":"Braistem involvement in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: Role of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in the distinction from diffuse pontine glioma","volume":"40","author":"Broniscer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910030413","article-title":"The intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio in NMR imaging","volume":"3","author":"Edelstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1998.1542","article-title":"Resolution improvements in in vivo 1H NMR spectra with increased magnetic field strength","volume":"135","author":"Gruetter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib53","first-page":"3","article-title":"Evaluation of cerebral glioma grade by using normal side creatine as an internal reference in multi-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy","volume":"13","author":"Yerli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib54","first-page":"111","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging compared with biopsy in the diagnosis of brainstem diseases of childhood: A multicenter review","volume":"106","author":"Schumacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib55","first-page":"159","article-title":"MR imaging of brainstem tumors","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"1985","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.09.027","article-title":"Longitudinal multivoxel MR spectroscopy study of pediatric diffuse brainstem gliomas treated with radiotherapy","volume":"62","author":"Laprie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-004-1195-1","article-title":"MR spectroscopy in the evaluation of recurrent contrast-enhancing lesions in the posterior fossa after tumor treatment","volume":"46","author":"Weybright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887217110000223?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887217110000223?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,11]],"date-time":"2018-12-11T03:57:32Z","timestamp":1544500652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0887217110000223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0887217110000223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.sult.2010.03.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-2171"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-2171","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}}}