{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:49:44Z","timestamp":1792838984712,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,18]],"date-time":"2014-04-18T01:52:49Z","timestamp":1397785969000},"page":"136-152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Brain Magnetic Resonance in Hepatic Encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Juli","family":"Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"C\u00f3rdoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Rovira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31250","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy\u2014Definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: Final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998","volume":"35","author":"Ferenci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2010.116","article-title":"Mechanisms, diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Prakash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000051415","article-title":"Diagnosis of encephalopathy","volume":"59","author":"Weissenborn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03964.x","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"96","author":"Blei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03552.x","article-title":"Focal neurological signs in hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: An underestimated entity?","volume":"96","author":"Cadranel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00423-3","article-title":"Bradykinesia in minimal hepatic encephalopathy is due to disturbances in movement initiation","volume":"38","author":"Joebges","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg110","article-title":"The neurology of liver failure","volume":"96","author":"Lewis","year":"2003","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.07.014","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets","volume":"59","author":"Butterworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040322","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"Cordoba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.122176","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"57","author":"H\u00e4ussinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2011.12.010","article-title":"Theories of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.03.009","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Khungar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.10.32","article-title":"Pathogenesis and diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"4","author":"McPhail","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.179.2.2014310","article-title":"Portal-systemic encephalopathy: Presence of basal ganglia lesions with high signal intensity on MR images","volume":"179","author":"Inoue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.65","article-title":"Hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted MRI in cirrhotic patients is associated with severity of liver failure","volume":"43","author":"Pujol","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(91)90414-H","article-title":"Globus pallidus alterations and brain atrophy in liver cirrhosis patients with encephalopathy: An MR imaging study","volume":"9","author":"Zeneroli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00010-6","article-title":"Improvement of magnetic resonance spectroscopic abnormalities but not pallidal hyperintensity followed amelioration of hepatic encephalopathy after occlusion of a large spleno-renal shunt","volume":"34","author":"C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00181-7","article-title":"The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation","volume":"35","author":"C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.216.3.r00se27683","article-title":"MR imaging and (1)H spectroscopy of brain metabolites in hepatic encephalopathy: Time-course of renormalization after liver transplantation","volume":"216","author":"Naegele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.32.10","article-title":"Reduction of increased signal intensity in the basal ganglia on T1-weighted MR images during treatment of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"32","author":"Watanabe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02081027","article-title":"Pallidal lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: Clinical and MRI evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Weissenborn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80063-9","article-title":"Bright basal ganglia in T1-weighted magnetic resonance images are frequent in patients with portal vein thrombosis without liver cirrhosis and not suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"29","author":"Nolte","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02289.x","article-title":"Cerebral oedema in minimal hepatic encephalopathy due to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction","volume":"30","author":"Goel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21126","article-title":"Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis exhibits neuropsychological and MR changes consistent with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"43","author":"M\u00ednguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.12.012","article-title":"Encephalopathy assessment in children with extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction with MR, psychometry and critical flicker frequency","volume":"52","author":"Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04226.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance images of the globus pallidus in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension: A quantitative analysis of the relationship between signal intensity and the grade of portosystemic shunt","volume":"21","author":"Fukuzawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0383-y","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in patients with cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80290-5","article-title":"MRI findings in chronic hepatic encephalopathy depend on portosystemic shunt: Results of a controlled prospective clinical investigation","volume":"27","author":"Krieger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050417","article-title":"Effects of portal-systemic shunt embolization on the basal ganglia: MRI","volume":"39","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib30","first-page":"2149","article-title":"MR and 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis and early stages of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"50","author":"Taras\u00f3w","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.2027.25374","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy: A neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological study","volume":"7","author":"Binesh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250109","article-title":"Cerebral abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"25","author":"Geissler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8698193","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric profile and hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in liver cirrhosis","volume":"111","author":"Krieger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01991864","article-title":"MR imaging of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: Correlation of T1-weighted and magnetisation transfer contrast measurements with liver dysfunction and neuropsychiatric status","volume":"10","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210227","article-title":"Increased signals seen in globus pallidus in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cirrhotics are not suggestive of chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"21","author":"Thuluvath","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.17857","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and proton spectroscopic alterations correlate with parkinsonian signs in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"119","author":"Spahr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib37","first-page":"1247","article-title":"Reversal of parkinsonism and portosystemic encephalopathy following embolization of a congenital intrahepatic venous shunt: Brain MR imaging and 1H spectroscopic findings","volume":"25","author":"da Rocha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(94)80236-X","article-title":"A quantitative evaluation of magnetic resonance image signal changes of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"21","author":"Norton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109357","article-title":"Manganese toxicity, dopaminergic dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"10","author":"Butterworth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92164-8","article-title":"Manganese and chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"346","author":"Krieger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050464","article-title":"Brain MR imaging in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: Relationship between high intensity signal in basal ganglia on T1-weighted images and elemental concentrations in brain","volume":"39","author":"Maeda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90109-G","article-title":"Manganese intoxication during total parenteral nutrition","volume":"339","author":"Ejima","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000167411.93483.A1","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in welders with pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity","volume":"64","author":"Josephs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.185.2.1410368","article-title":"Basal ganglial signal intensity alterations: Reversal after discontinuation of parenteral manganese administration","volume":"185","author":"Mirowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.07.056","article-title":"White matter abnormalities correlate with neurocognitive performance in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis","volume":"321","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.041","article-title":"Focal cortical damage parallels cognitive impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"61","author":"Montoliu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.22197","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with posttransplant cognitive function and brain volume","volume":"17","author":"Garcia-Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.008","article-title":"Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging reveals marked abnormalities of brain tissue density in patients with cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"55","author":"Guevara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib49","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Magnetization transfer ratio values and proton MR spectroscopy of normal-appearing cerebral white matter in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"22","author":"Rovira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.260","article-title":"Brain edema dynamics in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy: A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"52","author":"Poveda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib51","first-page":"652","article-title":"Magnetization transfer contrast of various regions of the brain in liver cirrhosis","volume":"20","author":"Iwasa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5157","article-title":"Voxel-based analyses of magnetization transfer imaging of the brain in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"15","author":"Miese","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib53","first-page":"1019","article-title":"1H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"27","author":"Miese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50156","article-title":"Induced hyperammonemia alters neuropsychology, brain MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer in cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Balata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.772","article-title":"Serial proton spectroscopy, magnetization transfer ratio and T2 relaxation in pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions","volume":"15","author":"Cucurella","year":"2002","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.2.1732968","article-title":"Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging","volume":"182","author":"Dousset","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib57","first-page":"1939","article-title":"Evolution of multiple sclerosis lesions on serial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and magnetization-transfer MR images","volume":"20","author":"Rovira","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80110-5","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: A clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema?","volume":"32","author":"H\u00e4ussinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.335","article-title":"Normalization of T2 signal abnormalities in hemispheric white matter with liver transplant","volume":"59","author":"Rovira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000096015.48322.2A","article-title":"MRI in ALS: Corticospinal tract hyperintensity","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840380429","article-title":"T2 hyperintensity along the cortico-spinal tract in cirrhosis relates to functional abnormalities","volume":"38","author":"C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.193.1.8090888","article-title":"Initial clinical experience in MR imaging of the brain with a fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequence","volume":"193","author":"Rydberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050402","article-title":"Fast FLAIR of the brain: The range of appearances in normal subjects and its application to quantification of white-matter disease","volume":"39","author":"Gawne-Cain","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340000472","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Sarchielli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011666612822","article-title":"Cerebral energy metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia","volume":"16","author":"Rao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00816-2","article-title":"Ammonia downregulates GLAST mRNA glutamate transporter in rat astrocyte cultures","volume":"276","author":"Zhou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0467-3","article-title":"Senile portosystemic hepatic encephalopathy as a treatable dementia-like syndrome","volume":"251","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib68","first-page":"347","article-title":"Cerebral cortical and white matter lesions in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: MR-pathologic correlations","volume":"26","author":"Matsusue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0611","article-title":"Decrease in the volume of white matter lesions with improvement of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"28","author":"M\u00ednguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21911","article-title":"Decreased white matter lesion volume and improved cognitive function after liver transplantation","volume":"46","author":"Rovira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.9","article-title":"Prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions in elderly people: A population based magnetic resonance imaging study. The Rotterdam Scan Study","volume":"70","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13616-1","article-title":"Progression of cerebral white matter lesions: 6-Year results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study","volume":"361","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.2.1810571","article-title":"Serial MR imaging of volumes of hyperintense white matter lesions in elderly patients: Correlation with vascular risk factors","volume":"181","author":"Taylor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160074","article-title":"Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in acute hyperammonemia. Effect of dexamethasone","volume":"20","author":"Ziylan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Chem Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2112","article-title":"Acute hepatic encephalopathy: Diffusion-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery findings, and correlation with plasma ammonia level and clinical outcome","volume":"31","author":"McKinney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-008-0395-5","article-title":"Pattern approach to MR imaging in patients with end-stage hepatic failure: A proposal for a new disease entity \u201chepatic encephalopathy continuum\u201d","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21943","article-title":"Magnetic resonance T2-relaxometry and 2D L-correlated spectroscopy in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"30","author":"Singhal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.02.057","article-title":"Quantitative cerebral water content mapping in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.217.2.r00nv24331","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain","volume":"217","author":"Schaefer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.173","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy in episodic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"33","author":"Chavarria","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21114","article-title":"Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"43","author":"Kale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21342","article-title":"Voxel-based diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"27","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000113796.30989.74","article-title":"Diffusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics","volume":"62","author":"Lodi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41376","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041376","article-title":"Structural and functional abnormalities of default mode network in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A study combining DTI and fMRI","volume":"7","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181ecaf62","article-title":"Effect of surgical portosystemic shunt on prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging and psychometry","volume":"51","author":"Srivastava","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06706.x","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines are raised in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01788.x","article-title":"Value of the apparent diffusion coefficient for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"103","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2045","article-title":"Brain MR imaging and 1H-MR spectroscopy changes in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction from early childhood to adulthood","volume":"31","author":"Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.09.030","article-title":"Magnetic resonance quantification of water and metabolites in the brain of cirrhotics following induced hyperammonaemia","volume":"54","author":"Mardini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-010-9206-x","article-title":"Serum proinflammatory cytokines correlate with diffusion tensor imaging derived metrics and (1)H-MR spectroscopy in patients with acute liver failure","volume":"25","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-005-7206-z","article-title":"Cytotoxic edema is responsible for raised intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure: In vivo demonstration using diffusion-weighted MRI in human subjects","volume":"20","author":"Ranjan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05158.x","article-title":"Cerebral diffusion tensor imaging and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with fulminant hepatic failure","volume":"23","author":"Saksena","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31825f4c3e","article-title":"Serial evaluation of children with ALF with advanced MRI, serum proinflammatory cytokines, thiamine, and cognition assessment","volume":"55","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2003.12.007","article-title":"Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy, synergism redefined","volume":"40","author":"Blei","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21734","article-title":"Inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy: Ibuprofen restores learning ability in rats with portacaval shunts","volume":"46","author":"Cauli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21438","article-title":"Measurement of cytotoxic and interstitial components of cerebral edema in acute hepatic failure by diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"28","author":"Rai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1249","article-title":"Quantification of cerebral edema on diffusion tensor imaging in acute-on-chronic liver failure","volume":"21","author":"Nath","year":"2008","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib98","first-page":"692","article-title":"Water diffusion compartmentation at high b values in ischemic human brain","volume":"25","author":"Brugi\u00e8res","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20789","article-title":"In vivo brain edema classification: New insight offered by large b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging","volume":"25","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2533","article-title":"Biexponential analysis of diffusion-tensor imaging of the brain in patients with cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Chavarria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.064","article-title":"Alzheimer type II astrocytic changes following sub-acute exposure to manganese and its prevention by antioxidant treatment","volume":"396","author":"Hazell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007677003387","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000)","volume":"25","author":"Eng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.150338197","article-title":"Changes in brain cell shape create residual extracellular space volume and explain tortuosity behavior during osmotic challenge","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.10.003","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging supports the cytotoxic origin of brain edema in a rat model of acute liver failure","volume":"138","author":"Chavarria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007240","article-title":"Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Cordoba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30957","article-title":"Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"35","author":"Kircheis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.01.038","article-title":"Neural mechanism underlying impaired visual judgement in the dysmetabolic brain: An fMRI study","volume":"22","author":"Zafiris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.01.036","article-title":"Spatial working memory dysfunction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: An ethology and BOLD-fMRI study","volume":"1445","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.11.033","article-title":"Changes in the regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"507","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.02.019","article-title":"Abnormal baseline brain activity in low-grade hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"318","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37400","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037400","article-title":"Selective impairments of resting-state networks in minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120185","article-title":"Altered brain functional connectivity in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A functional MR imaging study","volume":"265","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42016","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042016","article-title":"Altered regional homogeneity in the development of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state functional MRI study","volume":"7","author":"Ni","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21295","article-title":"Brain default-mode network abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state functional MRI study","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12111429","article-title":"Altered resting-state brain activity at functional MR imaging during the progression of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"264","author":"Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035266","article-title":"Impaired small-world network efficiency and dynamic functional distribution in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12120026","article-title":"Brain dysfunction primarily related to previous overt hepatic encephalopathy compared with minimal hepatic encephalopathy: Resting-state functional MR imaging demonstration","volume":"266","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36986","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036986","article-title":"Connectivity of default-mode network is associated with cerebral edema in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-9689(03)00066-7","article-title":"Perfusion MR imaging: Basic principles and clinical applications","volume":"11","author":"Cha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23581","article-title":"Applications of arterial spin labeled MRI in the brain","volume":"35","author":"Detre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2011.09.002","article-title":"Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced first-pass perfusion MR imaging in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.07.003","article-title":"Changes in cerebral blood flow after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can help predict the development of hepatic encephalopathy: An arterial spin labeling MR study","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93439-V","article-title":"Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"336","author":"Kreis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.182.1.1345760","article-title":"Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with H-1 MR spectroscopy","volume":"182","author":"Kreis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib125","first-page":"405","article-title":"Relationship between cerebral perfusion in frontal-limbic-basal ganglia circuits and neuropsychologic impairment in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"41","author":"Catafau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib126","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Proton MR spectroscopic measurement of neurometabolites in hepatic encephalopathy during oral lactulose therapy","volume":"19","author":"Haseler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90552-5","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"107","author":"H\u00e4ussinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-004-1298-8","article-title":"Chemical shift magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cingulate grey matter in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"47","author":"Mechtcheriakov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.4.9763008","article-title":"Cerebral 1H MR spectroscopy and neuropsychologic status of patients with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"171","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199809000-00006","article-title":"Clinical correlation of neuropsychological tests with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"60","author":"Huda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9303-0","article-title":"A longitudinal systems biology analysis of lactulose withdrawal in hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"27","author":"Bajaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015468112686","article-title":"Proton MR spectroscopy of neurometabolites in hepatic encephalopathy during l-ornithine-l-aspartate treatment\u2014Results of a pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Delcker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G503","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00104.2004","article-title":"Low myo-inositol and high glutamine levels in brain are associated with neuropsychological deterioration after induced hyperammonemia","volume":"287","author":"Shawcross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.293","article-title":"Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective study with time-dependent analysis","volume":"104","author":"Guevara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.193.2.7972763","article-title":"Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: Proton MR spectroscopic abnormalities","volume":"193","author":"Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70043-X","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"112","author":"Laubenberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6.1526","article-title":"Neurospectroscopic alterations and globus pallidus hyperintensity as related magnetic resonance markers of reversible hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"47","author":"Pujol","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02098881","article-title":"Regional variations in cerebral proton spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"9","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.110569","article-title":"Correlations between magnetic resonance spectroscopy alterations and cerebral ammonia and glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"56","author":"Weissenborn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01228.x","article-title":"Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) findings for the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis reflect the hepatic functional reserve","volume":"94","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/028418500127345910","article-title":"Proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients treated with TIPS","volume":"41","author":"Hamuro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.01.013","article-title":"Oral glutamine challenge and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in three patients with congenital portosystemic shunts","volume":"40","author":"Ortiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.952","article-title":"Preliminary evidence of low cortical GABA levels in localized 1H-MR spectra of alcohol-dependent and hepatic encephalopathy patients","volume":"156","author":"Behar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20291","article-title":"Adding another spectral dimension to 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"21","author":"Binesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22216","article-title":"Two-dimensional MR spectroscopy of minimal hepatic encephalopathy and neuropsychological correlates in vivo","volume":"32","author":"Singhal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-011-9250-1","article-title":"Multi-dimensional MR spectroscopy: Towards a better understanding of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Sarma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220111","article-title":"Proton spectroscopy of brain glutamine in acute liver failure","volume":"22","author":"McConnell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1049-z","article-title":"Quantitative multivoxel 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in children with acute liver failure","volume":"18","author":"Sijens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01648.x","article-title":"In vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived metabolite variations between acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute liver failure","volume":"28","author":"Verma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1652","article-title":"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children: Evaluation with proton MR spectroscopy","volume":"30","author":"Foerster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1991.67","article-title":"Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Lockwood","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240427","article-title":"Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: Implications for ammonia-induced brain edema","volume":"24","author":"Cordoba","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200511","article-title":"Cerebral phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"20","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237962","article-title":"MR imaging and spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: Correlation of T1-weighted contrast measurements with abnormalities in proton and phosphorus-31 MR spectra","volume":"11","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.1999.tb00067.x","article-title":"Cerebral proton and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"19","author":"Taylor-Robinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02674531","article-title":"Intracellular pH measurements of the whole head and the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: A phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy study","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71041564.x","article-title":"Proton-decoupled 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals osmotic and metabolic disturbances in human hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"71","author":"Bluml","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00839-0","article-title":"Abnormal brain energy metabolism shown by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"59","author":"Barbiroli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1131","article-title":"[1-13C]glucose MRS in chronic hepatic encephalopathy in man","volume":"45","author":"Bl\u00fcml","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.11.015","article-title":"New assessment of hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"54","author":"C\u00f3rdoba","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012323819757","article-title":"Usefulness of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with relapsing confusional syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Cordoba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887217113000899?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0887217113000899?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T17:50:16Z","timestamp":1538675416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0887217113000899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0887217113000899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.sult.2013.09.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-2171"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-2171","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}}}