{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1792652084106,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Topics in Companion Animal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,12]],"date-time":"2011-10-12T03:55:06Z","timestamp":1318391706000},"page":"160-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Macrocyclic Lactones and Dirofilaria immitis Microfilariae"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dwight D.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Mannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy of heartworm preventive products at the FDA","volume":"133","author":"Hampshire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Characterization of Heartworm Prevention Failures in the Central United States [abstract], in Proceedings of the State of the Heartworm Symposium","author":"Blagburn","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib3","series-title":"Their Development and Transmission","article-title":"Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates","author":"Anderson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib4","first-page":"350","article-title":"The filaria, in Clinical Parasitology","author":"Beaver","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib5","series-title":"Dirofilariasis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dirofilaria sp.: taxonomy and distribution","author":"Lok","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib6","first-page":"193","article-title":"Canine Clinical Parasitology","author":"Georgi","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-30","article-title":"A survey of canine filarial diseases of veterinary and public health significance in India","volume":"3","author":"Megat Abd Rani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib8","first-page":"212","article-title":"Microfilaires du chien dans le Sud-Oranais","volume":"35","author":"Foley","year":"1921","journal-title":"Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00243-5","article-title":"Dermatitis associated with Dirofilaria repens microfilariae in a dog from Rome","volume":"165","author":"Tarello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.12.034","article-title":"Autochthonous foci of canine and feline infections by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in central Italy","volume":"169","author":"Traversa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.10.013","article-title":"Discrimination between six species of canine microfilariae by a single polymerase chain reaction","volume":"135","author":"Rishniw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/3276400","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog","volume":"52","author":"Mantovani","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2307\/3272157","article-title":"Survival and location of the microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog","volume":"25","author":"Underwood","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib14","first-page":"61","article-title":"Clinical signs and diagnosis of canine dirofilariasis","author":"Atwell","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib15","first-page":"205","article-title":"Heartworm disease in dogs from Louisiana: pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Hoskins","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib16","first-page":"69","article-title":"Serologic studies on dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Allain","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib17","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '80","first-page":"41","article-title":"A comparison of ELISA and IFA titers in dirofilariasis in dogs","author":"Wong","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90149-4","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis: identification and partial characterization of parasite antigens in the serum of infected dogs","volume":"64","author":"Weil","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib19","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '95","first-page":"115","article-title":"Features of adult heartworm antigen test kits","author":"McTier","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib20","first-page":"104","article-title":"Studies on adulticide and microfilaricide therapy of naturally Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs with Immiticide and ivermectin, respectively","volume":"27","author":"Stenzenberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ausgabe K, Kleintiere\/Heimtiere"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib21","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis. II. Effect of piperazine derivatives against naturally acquired filarial infections in cotton rats and dogs","volume":"33","author":"Hewitt","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib22","first-page":"661","article-title":"Onchocerciasis, in A History of Human Helminthology","author":"Grove","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib23","first-page":"44","article-title":"Microfilaricides","volume":"2","author":"Jackson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib24","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '80","first-page":"108","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis: 1. Adverse reactions associated with diethylcarbamazine therapy in microfilaremic dogs","author":"Powers","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib25","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '80","first-page":"131","article-title":"Efficacy of avermectins against microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Jackson","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib26","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '86","first-page":"29","article-title":"Safety and acceptability of ivermectin in dogs with naturally acquired patent infection of Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Schlotthauer","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib27","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '92","first-page":"151","article-title":"Effects of long-term administration of ivermectin and milbemycin oxime on circulating microfilariae and parasite antigenemia in dogs with patent heartworm infections","author":"Bowman","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib28","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease Symposium '98","first-page":"193","article-title":"The effect of chronic administration of milbemycin oxime and ivermectin on microfilaremias in heartworm-infected","author":"Courtney","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib29","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease Symposium '98","first-page":"209","article-title":"Heartworm adulticide activity of prophylactic doses of ivermectin (6 \u03bcg\/kg) plus pyrantel administered monthly to dogs","author":"McCall","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib30","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium '01","first-page":"159","article-title":"Safety of moxidectin canine SR (sustained release) injectable in ivermectin-sensitive collies and in naturally infected mongrel dogs","author":"Blagburn","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib31","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium '01","first-page":"135","article-title":"The safety of selamectin in heartworm infected dogs and its effect on adult worms and microfilariae","author":"Dzimianski","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium 1974","first-page":"87","article-title":"Recurrence of microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis after microfilaricidal therapy without an adulticide","author":"Courtney","year":"1974"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.003","article-title":"Heartworm biology, treatment, and control","volume":"39","author":"Bowman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am (Small Anim Pract)"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib34","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '89","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effects of ivermectin on embryogenesis in Dirofilaria immitis: age structure and spatial distribution of intrauterine forms as a function of dosage and time post treatment","author":"Lok","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib35","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium '01","first-page":"173","article-title":"Effect of avermectins on microfilariae in dogs with existing and developing heartworm infections","author":"Bowman","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib36","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium '01","first-page":"189","article-title":"Further evidence of clinical prophylactic, retro-active (reach-back) and adulticidal activity of monthly administrations of ivermectin (Heartgard Plus\u2122) in dogs experimentally infected with heartworms","author":"McCall","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib37","series-title":"Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease, Symposium '01","first-page":"165","article-title":"Evaluation of retroactive and adulticidal activity of moxidectin canine SR (sustained release) injectable formulation against Dirofilaria immitis in beagles","author":"McCall","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib38","author":"Bowman"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib40","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '86","first-page":"37","article-title":"Routine use of 0.05m g\/kg of ivermectin as a microfilaricide","author":"Jackson","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib41","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '83","first-page":"153","article-title":"Clearance of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in dogs using 200 mkg\/kg ivermectin subcutaneously","author":"Plue","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib42","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '92","first-page":"159","article-title":"Post-adulticide milbemycin oxime microfilaricidal activity in dogs naturally infected with Dirofilaria immitis","author":"Blagburn","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib43","series-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '95","first-page":"243","article-title":"A clinical field trial of melarsomine dihydrochloride (RM340) in dogs with severe (class 3) heartworm disease","author":"Case","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib44","first-page":"104","article-title":"Zur adultiziden und mikrofilariziden Therapie naturlich mit Dirofilaria immitis infizierter Hunde mit Immiticide bzw","volume":"27","author":"Stenzenberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ivermectin Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib45","first-page":"28","article-title":"Investigation of genetic changes in Dirofilaria immitis after the use of macrocyclic lactone heartworm preventatives [abstract], in Proceedings of the State of the Heartworm Symposium","author":"Bourguinat","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib46","first-page":"27","article-title":"Geographic genetic polymorphism in Dirofilaria immitis [abstract], in Proceedings of the State of the Heartworm Symposium","author":"Bourguinat","year":"2010"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.03.019","article-title":"Reduced genetic variation of an Onchocerca volvulus ABC transporter gene following treatment with ivermectin","volume":"101","author":"Ardelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(75)90110-8","article-title":"Micro-organisms in filarial larvae (Nematoda)","volume":"69","author":"McLaren","year":"1975","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02494-8","article-title":"Molecular evidence for a close relative of the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia in a filarial worm","volume":"74","author":"Sironi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0591","article-title":"Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes","volume":"265","author":"Bandi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00200-8","article-title":"Effects of tetracycline on the filarial worms Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis and their bacterial endosymbionts Wolbachia","volume":"29","author":"Bandi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1448","key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1110","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal activity of tetracycline against the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi: elimination of Wolbachia precedes worm death and suggests a dependent relationship","volume":"267","author":"Langworthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.09.008","article-title":"Heartworm and Wolbachia: therapeutic implications","volume":"158","author":"McCall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.03.002","article-title":"Combined ivermectin and docycyline treatment has microfilaricidal and adulticidal activity against Dirofilaria immitis in experimentally-infected dogs","volume":"38","author":"Bazzocchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.025","article-title":"A combination of doxycycline and ivermectin is adulticidal in dogs with naturally acquired heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis)","volume":"169","author":"Grandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Topics in Companion Animal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S193897361100081X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S193897361100081X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,29]],"date-time":"2018-11-29T11:20:17Z","timestamp":1543490417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S193897361100081X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S193897361100081X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.07.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-9736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-9736","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}}}