{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:42:19Z","timestamp":1791135739774,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1033430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1033430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001279","name":"Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthroscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Articular cartilage has only limited capability for intrinsic repair. The use of growth factors has been suggested to improve the repair of cartilage after injury. Reliable delivery systems for these agents are needed. In this study we tested calcium alginate for the delivery of TGF\u2010\u03b2 in the treatment of osteochondral defects in the rabbit knee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Type of Study:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized trial animal study and basic science study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In vitro, to establish the kinetics of TGF\u2010\u03b2 release from the alginate,\n                      <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                      I\u2010 labeled TGF\u2010\u03b2 was suspended in 1.2% sodium alginate at concentrations of 1 \u03bcg\/mL and 10 \u03bcg\/mL. Beads were formed from 50 \u03bcL aliquots and placed into standard culture medium by immersion in calcium chloride solution and incubated at 37\u00b0 C. A gamma counter was used to measure the amount of TGF\u2010\u03b2 that was released into the medium at various time points. In vivo, osteochondral defects were created in the trochlear grooves of 32 New Zealand White rabbits. Defects were treated with plain alginate or with alginate containing TGF\u2010\u03b2 at 20 ng\/mL or 2,000 ng\/mL. Untreated defects served as a control. Animals were killed after 6 and 12 weeks. Knee joints were evaluated grossly with a 12\u2010point grading scale. Histologic sections of the repair tissue were stained with Safranin O and evaluated using a 24\u2010point grading scale by 2 independent blinded observers. Mean scores and standard deviations were calculated.\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values were determined using the Student\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The TGF\u2010\u03b2 was released at a surprisingly slow but steady rate. Release rates extrapolated from the gamma counter measurements were 0.25% per hour and 0.33% per hour, for the 1 \u03bcg\/mL and 10 \u03bcg\/mL beads, respectively. Gross analysis scores at 6 and 12 weeks resulted in higher scores for both TGF\u2010\u03b2 groups without reaching statistical significance. The lower TGF\u2010\u03b2 concentration reached the highest scores, whereas the higher concentration (2,000 ng\/mL) resulted in increased osteophyte formation. Histologic analysis at 6 weeks resulted in average scores ranging from 14.5 for empty defects and 18.1 for alginate\u2010treated defects, to 20.0 and 20.3 for the 2,000 ng\/mL and 20 ng\/mL TGF\u2010\u03b2 groups, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.05). At 12 weeks, histologic scores ranged from 14.9 for empty and 14.5 for alginate to 20.1 and 20.5 for the 2,000 ng\/mL and 20 ng\/mL TGF\u2010\u03b2 groups, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;.05). These results indicate a significant improvement of the quality of the repair tissue at 6 and 12 weeks with TFG\u2010\u03b2 treatment, especially at the lower concentration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of alginate allows the controlled delivery of TGF\u2010\u03b2 selectively to the site of injury, potentially avoiding systemic side effects. Furthermore, treatment with TGF\u2010\u03b2 appears to improve the repair of articular cartilage defects. Longer\u2010term studies are needed to assess whether the benefits of the TGF\u2010\u03b2 treatment can be sustained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.36117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,7]],"date-time":"2002-11-07T14:35:26Z","timestamp":1036679726000},"page":"892-900","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 in calcium alginate beads for the treatment of articular cartilage defects in the rabbit"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Cay M.","family":"Mierisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis C.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy G.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Balian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Diduch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Laboratory Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493529"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410063311401"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199605000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502233320815"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Growth factors as therapeutic agents","volume":"46","author":"Trippel SB","year":"1997","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197207000-00031"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711210404"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198264030-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199404000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197201000-00033"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-196609000-00028"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197658020-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062080-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200005000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260062201"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_17_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Repair of articular cartilage defects: Part II. 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