{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:20:18Z","timestamp":1787808018471,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arthroscopy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goal of the study was to determine which position of the throwing motion, late\u2010cocking or early deceleration, was more likely to produce lesions of the biceps superior labral complex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Type of Study:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cadaveric biomechanical model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten paired cadaver shoulders were prepared and mounted on a custom testing apparatus in 60\u00b0 glenohumeral abduction with the humerus in the plane of the scapula. All specimens were loaded with 100 cycles of subfailure external rotation torque (7.9 N\u2010m) with 22 N applied to the rotator cuff tendons and long head of the biceps tendon. One of each pair of specimens was randomly tested in a late cocking position for throwing (&gt;125\u00b0 external rotation, 60\u00b0 glenohumeral abduction, in the plane of the scapula). The other was tested in a position of early deceleration (80\u00b0 external rotation, 60\u00b0 glenohumeral abduction, 16\u00b0 horizontal adduction). The biceps was loaded to failure with the shoulder fixed in these positions. The specimens were then examined by 2 experienced shoulder surgeons, blinded to the test protocol, to assess for the presence of a type II SLAP lesion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Failure of the biceps superior labral complex occurred at the superior glenoid in 9 of 10 specimens in the late cocking position and in 2 of 10 specimens in the early deceleration position (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.055). Five specimens developed type II SLAP lesions, with more in the late cocking position (4 of 10) than in the early deceleration position (1 of 10;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.12). Load to failure was significantly less for the late cocking position (289 \u00b1 39 N) than for the early deceleration position (346 \u00b1 40 N;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      =.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that the late cocking position may contribute to biceps\u2010superolabral complex injuries in the thrower's shoulder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2003.50044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,30]],"date-time":"2003-06-30T15:47:00Z","timestamp":1056988020000},"page":"373-379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Failure of the biceps superior labral complex: A cadaveric biomechanical investigation comparing the late cocking and early deceleration positions of throwing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Shoulder Group Orthopaedic Research Laboratories Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wayne State University Detroit Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Lindholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Shoulder Group Orthopaedic Research Laboratories Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wayne State University Detroit Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Huston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Shoulder Group Orthopaedic Research Laboratories Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wayne State University Detroit Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis J.","family":"Soslowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Shoulder Group Orthopaedic Research Laboratories Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wayne State University Detroit Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph B.","family":"Blasier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Shoulder Group Orthopaedic Research Laboratories Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wayne State University Detroit Michigan U.S.A."},{"name":"McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 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