{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:54:35Z","timestamp":1789768475525,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":5417,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a safe and effective medical therapy for most patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), but some patients show an incomplete response. Silymarin is a potent antioxidant with immunomodulatory and antifibrotic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and assess the efficacy of silymarin in patients with PBC who had shown a suboptimal response to UDCA. Twenty\u2013seven patients with PBC who had been on UDCA (13\u201315 mg\/kg\/day) therapy for 7 to 221 months and had shown a persistent elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity at least 2 times the upper limit of normal for more than 6 months were enrolled. Oral silymarin, 140 mg 3 times daily was given for 1 year, and patients continued on the same dosage of UDCA. No significant changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activity (897 \u00b1 84 vs. 876 \u00b1 95, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .5), total bilirubin (0.9 \u00b1 0.1 vs. 1 \u00b1 0.1, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .07), aspartate transaminase (AST) (58 \u00b1 5 vs. 56 \u00b1 6, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .4), albumin (4.0 \u00b1 .06 vs. 4.1 \u00b1 .06, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .4), or Mayo risk score (3.82 \u00b1 0.2 vs. 3.88 \u00b1 0.2, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> = .4) were noted after 1 year of treatment with combination therapy. Transitory gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in 2 patients. In conclusion, although silymarin was well tolerated, this medication did not provide benefit to patients with PBC responding suboptimally to UDCA. The results of this pilot study would seem to discourage further controlled trials of silymarin in patients with PBC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,21]],"date-time":"2003-06-21T14:16:51Z","timestamp":1056205011000},"page":"897-900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Silymarin in the Treatment of Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis With A Suboptimal Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Angulo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tushar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta A.","family":"Jorgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry M.","family":"Therneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith D.","family":"Lindor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242204","volume":"324","author":"Poupon","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90021-3","volume":"106","author":"Lindor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190512","volume":"19","author":"Heathcote","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB4","first-page":"759","volume":"22","author":"Combes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290301","volume":"29","author":"Angulo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405123301903","volume":"330","author":"Poupon","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613058","volume":"1110","author":"Lindor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70183-5","volume":"113","author":"Poupon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.18663-BIB9","author":"Emond","year":"1996","unstructured":", , , , , , et al. 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