{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:48:19Z","timestamp":1791042499012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,30]],"date-time":"2003-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":728,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Corticosteroids alone or in conjunction with azathioprine is the treatment of choice in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and results in remission induction in over 80% of patients. Sustained response to therapy may result in substantial regression of fibrosis even in advanced cases. The outcome of rapid withdrawal of immunosuppression is disease relapse in many patients. Consequently, the use of 2 mg\/kg\/d of azathioprine as a sole agent to maintain remission has been widely accepted in clinical practice. Persistent severe laboratory abnormalities or histologic abnormalities such as bridging necrosis or multilobular necrosis are absolute indications for treatment based on controlled clinical trials, but debate exists as to whether all patients with AIH need treatment. Examination of liver tissue remains the best method of evaluating both treatment response and need for treatment in patients who have little biochemical activity. Alternative strategies in patients who have failed to achieve remission on \u201cstandard therapy\u201d of corticosteroids with or without azathioprine or patients with drug toxicity include the use of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, or mycophenolate mofetil. Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice in managing decompensated disease. In this review we examine current management strategies of AIH, and evaluate available data pertaining to the use of novel immunosuppressive agents in this condition.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T03:46:10Z","timestamp":1030247170000},"page":"7-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Current and novel immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Heneghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian G.","family":"McFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9","article-title":"International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group report: review of criteria for diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"31","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991-BIB2|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250308","article-title":"Autoimmune hepatitis in childhood: a 20-year experience","volume":"25","author":"Gregorio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130415","article-title":"Susceptibility to autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: human leukocyte antigens DR4 and A1-B8-DR3 are independent risk factors","volume":"13","author":"Donaldson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991-BIB4|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9178696","article-title":"Allelic basis for HLA-encoded susceptibility to type 1 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"112","author":"Strettell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250211","article-title":"Associations between alleles of the major histocompatibility complex and type 1 autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"25","author":"Czaja","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30991-BIB6|cit6","first-page":"119","article-title":"Copenhagen Study Group for Liver Diseases. 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