{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:27:49Z","timestamp":1770694069224,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,30]],"date-time":"2003-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":424,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) promotes epithelial cell migration and mucosal restitution during inflammation. We used real-time quantitative PCR, <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic> nucleic acid hybridization, and immunohistochemistry to study the expression of the ITF gene and protein expression in the liver of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and controls. There were significantly higher levels of ITF messenger RNA (mRNA) in PBC liver compared with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05) or normal controls (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) and also higher in hepatitis C virus (HCV) liver (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05) and cryptogenic cirrhosis (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .01) compared with normal controls. However, only in PBC was there a significant difference between small (interlobular and bile ductules) and large (intrahepatic and septal) bile ducts. Using <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization, the highest levels of ITF gene expression were localized to the large bile ducts in PBC. This differential expression of ITF was also noted at the protein level. Thus, in PBC, although 92% of large bile ducts expressed the ITF protein, only 2% of small bile ducts (<jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001) expressed ITF. In contrast, in control livers, 34% of large bile ducts and 13% of small bile ducts expressed ITF. ITF protein is absent in small bile ducts in all stages of PBC. In conclusion, the expression of ITF may play an important role in bile duct damage. In small bile ducts, ITF production in response to damage is absent, making such cells vulnerable to damage and providing a thesis for the selective loss of small, but not large, bile ducts in PBC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,26]],"date-time":"2003-03-26T02:15:53Z","timestamp":1048644953000},"page":"1227-1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Differential expression of intestinal trefoil factor in biliary epithelial cells of primary biliary cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick S. C.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Van De Water","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikio","family":"Nishioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Giraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Neuberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Benson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rashmi","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aftab A.","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross L.","family":"Coppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB1|cit1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis: diagnosis, pathology, and pathogenesis [Review]","volume":"4","author":"Scheuer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB2|cit2","first-page":"387","article-title":"Primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Rubin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040428","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antimitochondrial antibody","volume":"4","author":"Kaplan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB4|cit4","first-page":"G666","article-title":"Goblet cell-specific expression mediated by the MUC2 mucin gene promoter in the intestine of transgenic mice","volume":"276","author":"Gum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70415-X","article-title":"pS2\/TFF1 interacts directly with the VWFC cysteine-rich domains of mucins","volume":"118","author":"Tomasetto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90830-6","article-title":"Trefoil peptide gene expression in gastrointestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"104","author":"Wright","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB7|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08125.x","article-title":"hSP, the domain-duplicated homolog of pS2 protein, is co-expressed with pS2 in stomach but not in breast carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Tomasetto","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36157-BIB8|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(82)90126-4","article-title":"Pancreatic spasmolytic polypeptide (PSP): I. 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