{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:12:24Z","timestamp":1791202344284,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,30]],"date-time":"2003-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":424,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is comparatively uncommon. The prevalence of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) in pregnant women is 0.1% to 2.4%, although in some endemic areas it is much higher. The proportion of women with anti-HCV who have active infection with viremia is 60% to 70%. Transmission of HCV occurs only when serum HCV RNA is detectable and may be related to higher levels (above 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> copies per mL). The rate of mother-to-infant transmission is 4% to 7% per pregnancy in women with HCV viremia. Co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the rate of transmission 4 to 5 fold. The actual time and mode of transmission are not known. Elective Cesarean section is not recommended for women with chronic HCV infection alone. The role of treatment to prevent transmission is limited by the fetal toxicity of currently available medications for hepatitis C. Breast feeding poses no important risk of HCV transmission if nipples are not traumatized and maternal hepatitis C is quiescent. Pregnant women at high risk for HCV infection should be screened for anti-HCV, and HCV RNA testing should be performed if anti-HCV is positive. Infants of women with hepatitis C should be tested for HCV RNA on two occasions, between the ages of 2 and 6 months and again at 18 to 24 months, along with serum anti-HCV. The natural history of mother-to-infant hepatitis C remains uncertain, especially the course in the first year of life when some infants appear to have spontaneous resolution.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,31]],"date-time":"2002-10-31T22:50:56Z","timestamp":1036104656000},"page":"s106-s113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Eve A.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latifa","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70273-2","article-title":"Changing epidemiologic pattern of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Italian children","volume":"133","author":"Bortolotti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB2|cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-11-881","article-title":"Failure to detect vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"117","author":"Reinus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90627-U","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus in pregnancy: seroprevalence and risk factors for infection","volume":"169","author":"Silverman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB4|cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2516(98)80004-6","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of hepatitis C virus in HIV-negative mothers","volume":"149","author":"Agha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB5|cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/46.4.231","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and its vertical transmission in Egyptian pregnant women and their newborns","volume":"46","author":"Kassem","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.4.872","article-title":"Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis C virus among commercial sex workers and pregnant women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"30","author":"Laurent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB7|cit7","first-page":"641","article-title":"[Influence of pregnancy in chronic hepatitis C virus infection]","volume":"111","author":"Romero-Gomez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB8|cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(01)80094-3","article-title":"Clinical course of pregnant women with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and risk of mother-to-child hepatitis C virus transmission","volume":"33","author":"Conte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB9|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80075-6","article-title":"Decrease in serum ALT and increase in serum HCV RNA during pregnancy in women with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"32","author":"Gervais","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB10|cit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04135.x","article-title":"Viral load in HCV RNA-positive pregnant women","volume":"96","author":"Paternoster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB11|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04697.x","article-title":"Spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C during pregnancy","volume":"96","author":"Zein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB12|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80003-2","article-title":"Role of breast-feeding in transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of HCV-infected mothers","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB13|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02823-3","article-title":"Effect of pregnancy on chronic hepatitis C: a case-control study","volume":"356","author":"Fontaine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB14|cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11675.x","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus load during pregnancy and puerperium","volume":"107","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB15|cit15","first-page":"543","article-title":"Obstetric risks and vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus infection in pregnancy","volume":"79","author":"Hillemanns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB16|cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/93.9.597","article-title":"Pregnancy and pregnancy outcome in hepatitis C type 1b","volume":"93","author":"Jabeen","year":"2000","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB17|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09736.x","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Floreani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB18|cit18","first-page":"192","article-title":"Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C","volume":"61","author":"Bernard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB19|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.1.108","article-title":"A review of hepatitis C virus (HCV) vertical transmission: risks of transmission to infants born to mothers with and without HCV viraemia or human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"27","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB20|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25885","article-title":"Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"34","author":"Yeung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB21|cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7104.333","article-title":"Systematic review of role of polymerase chain reaction in defining infectiousness among people infected with hepatitis C virus","volume":"315","author":"Dore","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB22|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03168820","article-title":"Outcome of infants born to hepatitis C infected women","volume":"170","author":"Healy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB23|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200111000-00011","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus in a cohort of 2,447 HIV-seronegative pregnant women: a 24-month prospective study","volume":"33","author":"Ceci","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB24|cit24","first-page":"371","article-title":"Effects of mode of delivery and infant feeding on the risk of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"108","author":"Network","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB25|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1086\/339013","article-title":"Maternal drug use is a preeminent risk factor for mother-to-child hepatitis C virus transmission: results from a multicenter study of 1372 mother-infant pairs","volume":"185","author":"Resti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB26|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200005000-00006","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis C virus from infected mother to offspring during subsequent pregnancies","volume":"30","author":"Resti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB27|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7156.437","article-title":"Mother to child transmission of hepatitis C virus: prospective study of risk factors and timing of infection in children born to women seronegative for HIV-1. Tuscany Study Group on Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"317","author":"Resti","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB28|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310328","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical course of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and rate of HCV vertical transmission in a cohort of 15,250 pregnant women","volume":"31","author":"Conte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB29|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/169.3.638","article-title":"Possible role of high-titer maternal viremia in perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"169","author":"Lin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB30|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403173301103","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants","volume":"330","author":"Ohto","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB31|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0753-3322(96)82587-X","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to infants: its frequency and risk factors revisited","volume":"49","author":"Moriya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB32|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01958640","article-title":"Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: a prospective study","volume":"154","author":"Matsubara","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB33|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1086\/315883","article-title":"Prospective reevaluation of risk factors in mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus: high virus load, vaginal delivery, and negative anti-NS4 antibody","volume":"182","author":"Okamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB34|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.2.355","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection in the mothers and infants cohort study","volume":"102","author":"Granovsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB35|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199503000-00005","article-title":"Perinatal transmission and manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection in a high risk population","volume":"14","author":"Paccagnini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB36|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90277-5","article-title":"Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus. Lombardy Study Group on Vertical HCV Transmission","volume":"345","author":"Zanetti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB37|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1086\/516102","article-title":"Increased risk of maternal-infant hepatitis C virus transmission for women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Italian Study Group for HCV Infection in Children","volume":"25","author":"Tovo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB38|cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02681-7","article-title":"Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C virus: evidence for preventable peripartum transmission","volume":"356","author":"Gibb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB39|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80383-3","article-title":"Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"31","author":"Zanetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB40|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70309-8","article-title":"Effect of hepatitis C genotype on mother-to-infant transmission of virus","volume":"127","author":"Zuccotti","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB41|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.6.2045","article-title":"Vertical transmission of HCV is related to maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cell infection","volume":"96","author":"Azzari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB42|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.0103305le02","article-title":"Amniocentesis as a possible risk factor for mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"33","author":"Minola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB43|cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80031-2","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA (HCV RNA) in amniotic fluid: a prospective study","volume":"31","author":"Delamare","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB44|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1997.00073.x","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis C virus to infants of human immunodeficiency virus-negative intravenous drug-using mothers: rate of infection and assessment of risk factors for transmission","volume":"4","author":"Spencer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Viral Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB45|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4365","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.7.4365-4368.1993","article-title":"A unique, predominant hepatitis C virus variant found in an infant born to a mother with multiple variants","volume":"67","author":"Weiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB46|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199703)51:3<225::AID-JMV14>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Analysis of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis C virus: quasispecies nature and buoyant densities of maternal virus populations","volume":"51","author":"Kudo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB47|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.9.4327-4334.2000","article-title":"Dominant role of host selective pressure in driving hepatitis C virus evolution in perinatal infection","volume":"74","author":"Manzin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB48|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1074","article-title":"Evolution of the E2 region of hepatitis C virus in an infant infected by mother-to-infant transmission","volume":"64","author":"Sitia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB49|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199703)51:3<210::AID-JMV11>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"High interferon alpha levels in placenta, maternal, and cord blood suggest a protective effect against intrauterine herpes simplex virus infection","volume":"51","author":"Zdravkovic","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB50|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200006000-00004","article-title":"Follow-up of transmission of hepatitis C to babies of human immunodeficiency virus-negative women: the role of breast-feeding in transmission","volume":"19","author":"Ruiz-Extremera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB51|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70356-X","article-title":"Absence of infection in breast-fed infants born to hepatitis C virus- infected mothers","volume":"126","author":"Lin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB52|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1086\/313473","article-title":"Low risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus by breast milk","volume":"29","author":"Polywka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB53|cit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1126\/science.401547","article-title":"Congenital anomalies induced in hamster embryos with ribavirin","volume":"195","author":"Kilham","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB54|cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03996.x","article-title":"Conception soon after discontinuing interferon\/ribavirin therapy: a successful outcome","volume":"96","author":"Mishkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB55|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03997.x","article-title":"No evidence for mutagenic effects of ribavirin: report of two normal pregnancies","volume":"96","author":"Hegenbarth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB56|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.9876","article-title":"Normal outcome of pregnancy in chronic myeloid leukemia treated with interferon-alpha in 1st trimester: report of 3 cases and review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"Mubarak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB57|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70034-4","article-title":"Spastic diplegia as a complication of interferon Alfa-2a treatment of hemangiomas of infancy","volume":"132","author":"Barlow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB58|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70104-6","article-title":"Toxicity profile of interferon alfa-2b in children: a prospective evaluation","volume":"135","author":"Dubois","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB59|cit59","first-page":"529","article-title":"Epidemiologic predictors of hepatitis C virus infection in pregnant women","volume":"84","author":"Leikin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB60|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80353-8","article-title":"Temporal profile of hepatitis C virus antibody and genome in infants born to mothers infected with hepatitis C virus but without human immunodeficiency virus coinfection","volume":"20","author":"Ni","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB61|cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70289-0","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and related liver disease in children of mothers with antibodies to the virus","volume":"130","author":"Bortolotti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB62|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199709000-00003","article-title":"Loss of circulating hepatitis C virus in children who developed a persistent carrier state after mother-to-baby transmission","volume":"42","author":"Sasaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB63|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1998.tb00053.x","article-title":"Vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus: risk factors and infantile prognosis","volume":"24","author":"Xiong","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB64|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00205-7","article-title":"High rate of spontaneous viral clearance in a cohort of vertically infected hepatitis C virus infants: what lies behind?","volume":"35","author":"Ceci","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB65|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050474","article-title":"Transient transmission of hepatitis C virus from mothers to newborns","volume":"19","author":"Ketzinel-Gilad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB66|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800068539","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis B and C in an antenatal population of various ethnic origins","volume":"113","author":"Boxall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB67|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01715541","article-title":"Prevalence of anti-HCV and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in healthy pregnant women","volume":"22","author":"Marranconi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB68|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840210210","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection as risk factor for mother-to-child hepatitis C virus transmission: persistence of anti-hepatitis C virus in children is associated with the mother's anti-hepatitis C virus immunoblotting pattern","volume":"21","author":"Manzini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB69|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200x.1999.01086.x","article-title":"Shift in the buoyant density of hepatitis C virus particles in infants infected by mother-to-infant transmission","volume":"41","author":"Okamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB70|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.2.277","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C among pregnant women attending an inner London obstetric department: uptake and acceptability of named antenatal testing","volume":"47","author":"Ward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792-BIB71|cit71","first-page":"365","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus among high and low risk pregnant women in Dundee: unlinked anonymous testing","volume":"108","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"}],"container-title":["Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1053%2Fjhep.2002.36792","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1053%2Fjhep.2002.36792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200211002-00013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T15:46:53Z","timestamp":1738943213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/01515467-200211002-00013"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"references-count":71,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/jhep.2002.36792","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-9139"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0270-9139","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}}}