{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:50:04Z","timestamp":1763704204127,"version":"3.30.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":4445,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>Superinfection of different viral strains within a single host provides an opportunity for studying host\u2013virus and virus\u2013virus interactions, including viral interference and genetic recombination, which cannot be studied in infections with single viral strains. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive single\u2013strand RNA virus that establishes persistent infection in as many as 85% of infected individuals. However, there are few reports regarding coinfection or superinfection of HCV. Because of the lack of tissue culture systems and small animal models supporting efficient HCV replication, we explored these issues in the setting of liver transplantation where both recipient and donor were infected with different HCV strains and therefore represent a distinct model for HCV superinfection. Serial serum samples collected at multiple time points were obtained from 6 HCV\u2013positive liver donor\/recipient pairs from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases liver transplantation database. At each time point, HCV genotype was determined by both restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, we selectively sequenced 3 full\u2013length HCV isolates at the earliest time points after liver transplantation, including both 5\u2032 and 3\u2032 ends. Detailed genetic analyses showed that only one strain of HCV could be identified at each time point in all 6 cases. Recipient HCV strains took over in 3 cases, whereas donor HCV strains dominated after liver transplantation in the remaining 3 cases. In conclusion, in all 6 cases studied, there was no genetic recombination detected among HCV quasispecies or between donor and recipient HCV strains.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,26]],"date-time":"2003-06-26T16:37:21Z","timestamp":1056645441000},"page":"25-33","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Liver Transplantation With Hepatitis C Virus\u2013Infected Graft: Interaction Between Donor and Recipient Viral Strains"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothy 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