{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T21:15:53Z","timestamp":1760044553042},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,26]],"date-time":"2004-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":422,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2014<\/jats:bold> To compare the mechanical shear strengths and stiffnesses obtained from in vitro testing of a simulated complete third carpal bone (C3) frontal plane radial facet slab fracture (osteotomy) stabilized with either a 4\/5 Acutrak (AT) compression screw or a 4.5\u2010mm AO cortical bone (AO) screw inserted in lag fashion. Drilling, tapping, and screw insertion torques, forces, and times also were compared between AT and AO implants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Study Design\u2014<\/jats:bold> In vitro biomechanical assessment of site preparation, screw insertion, and shear failure test variables of bone screw stabilized simulated C3 slab fracture in paired cadaveric equine carpi.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Sample Population\u2014<\/jats:bold> Eight pairs of cadaveric equine C3 without orthopedic abnormalities.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2014<\/jats:bold> Standardized simulated C3 slab fractures were repaired with either AO or AT screws (AO\/C3 and AT\/C3 groups, respectively). Drilling, tapping, and screw insertion torques, forces, and times were measured with a materials testing machine for each screw type. Repaired specimens were tested in axially oriented shear until failure. Paired Students <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests were used to assess differences between site preparation, screw insertion, and shear testing variables. Significance was set at <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .05<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2014<\/jats:bold> There were no significant differences in bone fragment measurements of the standardized simulated C3 slab fractures created for AO or AT screws. There were no significant differences for mean and maximum drilling torques; however, the tapered AT drill had greater maximum drilling force compared with the 3.2\u2010mm and 4.5\u2010mm AO drill bits. Mean insertion torque and force measured from the self\u2010tapping AT screw were not significantly different compared with the 4.5\u2010mm AO tap. There were no significant differences in maximum screw torque among constructs. Total procedure time was significantly longer for the AT group (5.8 \u00b1 1.6 minutes) compared with the AO group (2.9 \u00b1 1.1 minutes; <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .001<\/jats:styled-content>). AT stabilized specimens had significantly greater mean \u00b1 SD initial shear stiffness (3.64 \u00b1 1.08 kN\/mm) than AO specimens (1.64 \u00b1 0.73 kN\/mm; <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .005<\/jats:styled-content>). All other shear mechanical testing variables were not statistically different among screw types.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2014<\/jats:bold> The 4\/5 Acutrak insertion technique was accurate and safe, and the AT screw effectively stabilized simulated equine C3 frontal plane slab fractures. When tested in shear, this screw type was mechanically comparable to the 4.5\u2010mm AO screw; however, AT constructs had greater initial shear stiffness. Initial shear stiffness was likely an indirect measure of interfragmentary compression, and thus may indicate that the AT screw provides a more rigid fixation for frontal plane C3 slab fractures in horses.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance\u2014<\/jats:bold> Considering the comparable mechanical behavior, greater initial shear stiffness for AT screw stabilized C3 slab fracture fragments, the ability to accurately insert the screw with the aid of a guide pin, and the potential for less persistent soft tissue irritation with the headless screw design, the 4\/5 tapered AT screw is an attractive alternative for repair of C3 slab fractures in horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2003.50019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,28]],"date-time":"2003-03-28T17:51:26Z","timestamp":1048873886000},"page":"167-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Biomechanical Comparison of Headless Tapered Variable Pitch and AO Cortical Bone Screws for Fixation of a Simulated Slab Fracture in Equine Third Carpal Bones"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Aloisio C. D.","family":"Bueno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry D.","family":"Galuppo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth T.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04646.x","article-title":"Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses","volume":"6","author":"Schneider 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