{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T23:58:22Z","timestamp":1781135902552,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,26]],"date-time":"2004-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":300,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2014<\/jats:bold>To determine (1) the frequency and extent of complications associated with thoracodorsal axial pattern flap reconstruction of forelimb skin defects in dogs and (2) outcome after treatment of such complications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Study Design\u2014<\/jats:bold>Retrospective clinical study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Sample Population\u2014<\/jats:bold>Ten dogs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2014<\/jats:bold>Medical records for 10 dogs that had a thoracodorsal axial pattern skin flap reconstruction of a forelimb skin defect were reviewed.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2014<\/jats:bold>Three dogs had complete flap survival. Partial necrosis of the distal flap, ranging from an estimated 2% to 53% (mean, 21%) of the flap surface area, occurred in 7 dogs. Six dogs required surgical management of the skin necrosis, resulting in successful resolution in 5 dogs, whereas, in 2 dogs, the wound healed by second intention. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained from 3 dogs with distal flap necrosis. Seroma formation was noted in 2 dogs; the entire flap survived in 1 dog, whereas the second dog developed distal flap necrosis. Edema and bruising of the distal portion of the flap were noted in 8 dogs; distal flap necrosis subsequently developed in 7 dogs. Partial incisional dehiscence, which healed by second intention, occurred in 2 dogs. Of 6 owners available for follow\u2010up, all were satisfied with the functional outcome, but 1 owner was not satisfied with the cosmetic appearance.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2014<\/jats:bold>Partial flap necrosis was a frequent complication of thoracodorsal axial pattern flap reconstruction of forelimb skin defects and required additional wound care or surgical intervention to achieve healing.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Relevance\u2014<\/jats:bold>Thoracodorsal axial pattern flaps can provide full\u2010thickness skin coverage of extensive skin defects of the forelimb, but owners should be aware of the likelihood of local wound complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2003.50043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,15]],"date-time":"2010-10-15T15:16:25Z","timestamp":1287155785000},"page":"378-384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Complications and Outcome After Thoracodorsal Axial Pattern Flap Reconstruction of Forelimb Skin Defects in 10 Dogs, 1989\u20132001"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Aper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Smeak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.03.391","article-title":"Canine axial pattern flaps using the omocervical, thoracodorsal, and deep circumflex iliac direct cutaneous arteries","volume":"42","author":"Pavletic MM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet 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cats: 19 cases (1981\u20131990)","volume":"201","author":"Trevor PB","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.180.10.1197","article-title":"Phycomycosis of the axilla and inner brachium in a dog: Surgical excision and reconstruction with a thoracodorsal axial pattern flap","volume":"180","author":"Pavletic MM","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199203000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(85)90063-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198607000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199912000-00021"}],"container-title":["Veterinary 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