{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T18:11:41Z","timestamp":1761675101038,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]],"date-time":"1998-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":904608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,9,1]],"date-time":"1998-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":904608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,13]],"date-time":"2005-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1123891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2538,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ajog.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,14]],"date-time":"2004-08-14T10:23:48Z","timestamp":1092479028000},"page":"s43-s50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Bias versus causality: Interpreting recent evidence of oral contraceptive studies"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Walter O","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91927-9","article-title":"Effect of different progestagens in low oestrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease","volume":"346","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7023.83","article-title":"Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study","volume":"312","author":"Spitzer","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91928-7","article-title":"Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing pro-gestagen components","volume":"46","author":"Jick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07496-X","article-title":"Population-based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives","volume":"49","author":"Farmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.11.2347","article-title":"The 1995 pill scare revisited: anatomy of a non-epidemic","volume":"12","author":"Spitzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"year":"1988","series-title":"A dictionary of epidemiology","author":"Last","key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB6"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a92634","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolic disease: the findings from database studies in the United Kingdom and Germany","volume":"179","author":"Farmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(97)00119-4","article-title":"First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism","volume":"56","author":"Suissa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB9","first-page":"252","article-title":"The influence of thrombotic risk factors when oral contraceptives are prescribed: a control-only study","volume":"76","author":"Lidegaard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1557(199609)5:5<285::AID-PDS236>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Could preferential prescribing and referral behavior of physicians explain the elevated thrombosis risk found to be associated with third oral contraceptives?","volume":"5","author":"Heinemann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(96)00120-5","article-title":"Selective prescribing of third generation oral contraceptives (OCs)","volume":"564","author":"Jamim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(96)00039-X","article-title":"Utilization patterns of oral contraceptives in UK general practice","volume":"53","author":"Farmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.2630020107","article-title":"A concurrent cohort study of oral contraceptive users from the VAMP research bank","volume":"2","author":"Lis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB14","first-page":"S88","article-title":"Non-causal explanations for the increased risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives [abstract]","volume":"5","author":"Herings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(96)00112-6","article-title":"The increased risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of third generation progestagens: role of bias in observational research","volume":"54","author":"Lewis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3109\/13625187.11661693.1996","article-title":"Recent oral contraceptive use patterns in four European countries: evidence for selective prescribing of oral contraceptives containing third generation progestogens","volume":"1","author":"van Lunsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB17","first-page":"335","article-title":"Confounding by indication [editorial]","volume":"7","author":"Walker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(96)00112-6","article-title":"The increased risk of venous thromboembolism and the use of third generation progestagens: role of bias in observational research","volume":"54","author":"Lewis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"year":"1974","series-title":"Oral contraceptives and health","author":"Royal College of General Practitioners","key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB19"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB20","first-page":"393","article-title":"Oral contraceptives, venous thrombosis, and varicose veins: Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study","volume":"28","author":"Royal College of General Practitioners","year":"1978","journal-title":"J R Coll Gen Pract"},{"year":"1971","series-title":"Principles of medical statistics","author":"Bradford-Hill","key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB21"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199608293350901","article-title":"Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"335","author":"Abenhaim","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202203260801","article-title":"The use of \u03b2-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma","volume":"326","author":"Spitzer","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(98)00002-X","article-title":"The risks of venous thromboembolic disease among German women using oral contraceptives: a database study","volume":"57","author":"Farmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(95)00271-5","article-title":"A comparative study of the effects of the hemostatic system of two monophasic gestodene oral contraceptives containing 20 \u03bcg and 30 \u03bcg ethinylestradiol","volume":"53","author":"Winkler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.192707.x","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis: different sensitivities to activated protein C in women using second- and third-generation oral contraceptives","volume":"97","author":"Rosing","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB27","first-page":"491","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: acquired APC resistance? [letter]","volume":"98","author":"Schramm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115799","article-title":"Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease","volume":"133","author":"Gerstman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7023.88","article-title":"Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of myocardial infarction: an international case-control study","volume":"312","author":"Lewis","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.679b","article-title":"Lowered risk of dying of heart attack with third generation pill may offset risk of dying of thromboembolism [letter]","volume":"315","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(97)00118-2","article-title":"The use of oral contraceptives and the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction in young women: results from the Transnational Study on Oral Contraceptives and the Health of Young Women","volume":"56","author":"Lewis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6883.956","article-title":"Oral contraceptives and risk of a cerebral thromboembolic attack: results of a case-control study","volume":"306","author":"Lidegaard","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7121.1502","article-title":"Case-control study of oral contraceptives and risk of thromboembolic stroke: results from International Study on Oral Contraceptives and Health of Young Women","volume":"315","author":"Heinemann","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)12393-8","article-title":"Ischemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study","volume":"348","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607043350102","article-title":"Stroke in users of low-dose oral contraceptives","volume":"335","author":"Petitti","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937898005080?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0002937898005080?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T09:37:27Z","timestamp":1757583447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0002937898005080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0002937898005080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9378"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9378"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bias versus causality: Interpreting recent evidence of oral contraceptive studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ob.1998.v179.a93059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1998 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}