{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:59:17Z","timestamp":1784825957770,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]],"date-time":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1001894400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Seminars in Perinatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,30]],"date-time":"2006-04-30T11:11:39Z","timestamp":1146395499000},"page":"295-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Infection, antibiotics, and preterm delivery"],"prefix":"10.1053","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Locksmith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Duff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91628-N","article-title":"A review of premature birth and subclinical infection","volume":"166","author":"Gibbs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70098-2","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis is associated with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: Results of a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream","volume":"170","author":"McGregor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib3","first-page":"167","article-title":"Bacterial protease-induced reduction of chorioamniotic membranes strength and elasticity","volume":"69","author":"McGregor","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib4","first-page":"590","article-title":"Bacterial and inflammatory cells reduced chorioamniotic membrane integrity and tensile strength","volume":"74","author":"Schoonmaker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib5","first-page":"479","article-title":"Premature labor. II. Bacterial sources of phospholipase","volume":"57","author":"Bejar","year":"1981","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931396","article-title":"Preterm labor and bacterial intraamniotic infection: Arachidonic acid liberation by the action of phospholipase A2","volume":"244","author":"Takahashi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib7","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effect of bacterial growth on the bursting pressure of fetal membranes in vitro","volume":"70","author":"Sbarra","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90172-5","article-title":"Infection and labor. III. Interleukin-1: A signal for the onset of parturition","volume":"160","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00737.x","article-title":"Interleukin-1-\u03b1 and interleukin-1-\u03b2 in preterm and term human parturition","volume":"27","author":"Romero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib10","first-page":"941","article-title":"The relationship of amniotic fluid cytokines and preterm delivery, amniotic fluid infection, histologic chorioamnionitis, and chorioamnion infection","volume":"81","author":"Hillier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114583","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 in preterm labor: Association with labor","volume":"85","author":"Romero","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/107155769400100404","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels predict the success of tocolysis in patients with preterm labor","volume":"1","author":"Albert","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70057-5","article-title":"The value of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 determination in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes in the detection of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity","volume":"171","author":"Coultrip","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90515-2","article-title":"Infection and labor. IV. Cachectin-tumor necrosis factor in the amniotic fluid of women with intraamniotic infection and preterm labor","volume":"161","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2000.104210","article-title":"The preterm prediction study: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"182","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90418-9","article-title":"An experimental model for intraamniotic infection and preterm labor in Rhesus monkeys","volume":"171","author":"Gravett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70625-8","article-title":"Cytokine and prostaglandin production by amnion cells in response to the addition of different bacteria","volume":"178","author":"Reisenberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(89)90028-2","article-title":"Interleukin-1 stimulates prostaglandin biosynthesis by human amnion","volume":"37","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prostaglandin"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(05)80426-6","article-title":"Cytokine networking in the placenta","volume":"14","author":"Mitchell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00361-5","article-title":"Modulation of the prostaglandin E receptor: A possible mechanism for infection-induced preterm labor","volume":"93","author":"Spaziani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114583","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 in preterm labor: Association with infection","volume":"85","author":"Romero","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(97)00294-9","article-title":"Maternal serum interleukin-6 during pregnancy and during term and preterm labor","volume":"90","author":"Greig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90009-8","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic value of amniotic fluid white blood cell count, glucose, interleukin-6, and gram stain in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"169","author":"Romero","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(89)90083-5","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor stimulate prostaglandin production by human decidua","volume":"37","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113901","article-title":"Cachectin\/tumor necrosis factor-formation in human decidua","volume":"83","author":"Casey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(91)90089-4","article-title":"Human decidua: A source for cachectin-tumor necrosis factor","volume":"41","author":"Romero","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191503","article-title":"A case control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity","volume":"319","author":"Hillier","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib28","first-page":"75","article-title":"Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of maternal and neonatal infection","volume":"79","author":"Coseo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib29","first-page":"127","article-title":"Inflammatory lesions of the human placenta. I. Clinical significance of acute chorioamnionitis","volume":"1","author":"Russell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Diag Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib30","first-page":"802","article-title":"Placental microbiology and histology and the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis","volume":"64","author":"Pankuch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib31","first-page":"11","article-title":"The association of chorioamnionitis with preterm delivery","volume":"65","author":"Guzick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198404123101502","article-title":"Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the placenta with perinatal morbidity and mortality","volume":"310","author":"Kundsin","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib33","first-page":"403","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis and the isolation of microorganisms from the placenta","volume":"67","author":"Svensson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib34","first-page":"622","article-title":"Histologic chorioamnionitis and preterm delivery in different patient populations","volume":"75","author":"Mueller-Heubach","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90288-2","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis: Its association with pregnancy outcome and microbial infection","volume":"156","author":"Quinn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib36","first-page":"355","article-title":"Histologic chorioamnionitis, microbial infections, and prematurity","volume":"76","author":"Zlatnik","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.1.113","article-title":"Intraamniotic infection in low birth weight infants","volume":"157","author":"Sperling","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib38","first-page":"955","article-title":"Microbiologic causes and neonatal outcomes associated with chorioamnion infection","volume":"165","author":"Hillier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01370927","article-title":"The role of urogenital tract infections in the etiology of preterm births: A review","volume":"258","author":"Martius","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90409-2","article-title":"Infection and labor. V. Prevalence, microbiology, and clinical significance of intraamniotic infection in women with preterm labor and intact membranes","volume":"161","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198602000-00013","article-title":"Preterm labor associated with subclinical amniotic fluid infection and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"67","author":"Gravett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70271-6","article-title":"A fetal systemic inflammatory response is followed by the spontaneous onset of preterm parturition","volume":"179","author":"Romero","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009113031102","article-title":"Anaerobic bacteria in non-specific vaginitis","volume":"303","author":"Spiegel","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90406-7","article-title":"Evidence relating bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection","volume":"161","author":"Silver","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90274-M","article-title":"Endotoxin and interleukin-1 in the cervical mucous and vaginal fluid of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"169","author":"Platz-Christensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(92)90082-5","article-title":"Increased prostaglandin concentrations in the cervical mucous of pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"43","author":"Platz-Christensen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Prostaglandin"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib47","first-page":"63","article-title":"Immunoglobulin proteases in bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"9","author":"Glasson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aust J Med Lab Sci"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.47.3.704-709.1985","article-title":"Survey of immunoglobulin A protease activity among selected species of Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma: specificity for host immunoglobulin A","volume":"47","author":"Kapatais-Zoumbo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91746-W","article-title":"Association of cervico-vaginal infections with increased vaginal fluid phospholipase A2 activity","volume":"167","author":"McGregor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib50","first-page":"52","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis as a risk factor for postcesarean endometritis","volume":"75","author":"Watts","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6924.295","article-title":"Abnormal bacterial colonization of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage","volume":"308","author":"Hay","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019440","article-title":"Association of bacterial vaginosis with a history of second trimester miscarriage","volume":"11","author":"Llahi-Camp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90184-1","article-title":"Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment for common genital tract infections: Results of a prospective controlled evaluation","volume":"173","author":"McGregor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332604","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low birthweight infant","volume":"333","author":"Hillier","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(85)90501-0","article-title":"Perinatal complications in group B streptococcal carriers: A longitudinal study of prenatal patients","volume":"151","author":"Bobitt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib56","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Demographic and behavioral predictors of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among pregnant women","volume":"78","author":"Cotch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92698-9","article-title":"Prevalence of six sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant intercity adolescents and pregnancy outcome","volume":"2","author":"Hardy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90484-Z","article-title":"Sexual intercourse during pregnancy and preterm delivery: Effects of vaginal microorganisms","volume":"168","author":"Read","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90392-2","article-title":"Risk factors for prematurity and premature rupture of membranes: A prospective study of the vaginal flora in pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Minkoff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92178-9","article-title":"Trichomonas in pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Mason","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib61","first-page":"670","article-title":"Symptomatic gonorrhea during pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Sarrel","year":"1968","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.225.7.697","article-title":"Neonatal gonococcal infection","volume":"225","author":"Handsfield","year":"1973","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib63","first-page":"14","article-title":"Asymptomatic gonorrhea in pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Amstey","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am Venereal Dis Assoc"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(78)90856-6","article-title":"Gonorrhea in pregnancy","volume":"132","author":"Edwards","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.3.531","article-title":"Maternal gonococcal infection as a preventable risk factor for low birth weight","volume":"161","author":"Elliott","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(89)80030-4","article-title":"Gonococcal chorioamnionitis associated with sepsis: A case report","volume":"160","author":"Smith","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.247.11.1585","article-title":"Prematurity and perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by maternal Chlamydia trichomatis infections","volume":"247","author":"Martin","year":"1982","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.250.13.1721","article-title":"Cervical Chlamydia trichomatis and mycoplasma infections in pregnancy: Epidemiology and outcomes","volume":"250","author":"Harrison","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90338-3","article-title":"Chlamydia trichomatis infection and pregnancy outcome","volume":"156","author":"Sweet","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80093-0","article-title":"The association of Chlamydia trichomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group B streptococci with preterm rupture of the membranes","volume":"159","author":"Alger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib71","first-page":"89","article-title":"Relationships of vaginal Lactobacillus species, cervical Chlamydia trichomatis, and bacterial vaginosis to prevent preterm birth","volume":"71","author":"Martius","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115244","article-title":"Association of Chlamydia trichomatis and Mycoplasma hominis with intrauterine growth retardation and preterm delivery","volume":"129","author":"Polk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90607-9","article-title":"Antenatal microbiologic and maternal risk factors associated with prematurity","volume":"163","author":"McGregor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.263.23.3160","article-title":"Improved pregnancy outcome following successful treatment of chlamydial infection","volume":"263","author":"Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90815-O","article-title":"Chlamydia trichomatis infection in pregnancy and effect of treatment on outcome","volume":"162","author":"Ryan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90632-H","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microflora and pregnancy outcome: Results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin treatment","volume":"163","author":"McGregor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib77","first-page":"98","article-title":"The association of gonorrhoea and syphilis with premature birth and low birthweight","volume":"69","author":"Donders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90781-5","article-title":"Vaginal colonization with group B \u03b2-hemolytic streptococcus as a risk factor for post-cesarean section febrile morbidity","volume":"142","author":"Minkoff","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90447-Y","article-title":"Microbiologic causes in neonatal outcomes associated with chorioamnion infection","volume":"165","author":"Hillier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib80","first-page":"816","article-title":"Peripartum infection associated with vaginal group B streptococcal colonization","volume":"84","author":"Yancey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(75)90721-8","article-title":"The influence of advancing gestation on group B streptoccoccal colonization in pregnant women","volume":"122","author":"Baker","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)32589-3","article-title":"Premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, and group B streptococcal colonization of mothers","volume":"141","author":"Regan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib83","first-page":"23","article-title":"Group B streptococcal colonization and the outcome of pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Hastings","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07987.x","article-title":"Spontaneous early preterm labour associated with abnormal genital bacterial colonization","volume":"93","author":"Lamont","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90242-3","article-title":"Rupture of fetal membranes and premature delivery associated with group B streptococci in urine of pregnant women","volume":"2","author":"Moller","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90811-0","article-title":"Premature delivery and group B streptococcal bacteriuria","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90234-0","article-title":"Antibiotic elimination of group B streptococci in urine in prevention of preterm labour","volume":"1","author":"Thomsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(67)90458-9","article-title":"Bacteriuria of pregnancy","volume":"97","author":"Wally","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.42.222.208","article-title":"Influence of maternal renal infection on the fetus and infant","volume":"42","author":"Patrick","year":"1967","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1968.tb00121.x","article-title":"The management and complications of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Report of a study on 8,275 patients","volume":"75","author":"Robinson","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1964.tb04382.x","article-title":"Infection of the urinary tract in pregnancy: An investigation of a new routine in antenatal care","volume":"71","author":"Layton","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1969.tb107290.x","article-title":"Subclinical renal infection in prematurity","volume":"2","author":"Wren","year":"1969","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib93","first-page":"576","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery\/low birth weight","volume":"73","author":"Romero","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70488-0","article-title":"Inhibition of prostaglandin E release by ampicillin","volume":"178","author":"Vesce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib95","first-page":"124","article-title":"Antibiotic inhibition of bacterially induced fetal membrane weakening","volume":"76","author":"McGregor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib96","first-page":"479","article-title":"Asymptomatic gonorrhea in prenatal patients","volume":"57","author":"Charles","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib97","first-page":"176","article-title":"Mass antimicrobial treatment in pregnancy: A randomized placebo-controlled trial in a population with high rates of sexually transmitted disease","volume":"210","author":"Timmerman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70033-8","article-title":"Effect of metronidazole in patients with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study","volume":"171","author":"Morales","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332603","article-title":"Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"333","author":"Hauth","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002243420802","article-title":"Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis","volume":"342","author":"Carey","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.2.233","article-title":"The preterm prediction study: The value of new versus standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births","volume":"88","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib102","article-title":"Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy (Cochrane Review)","author":"Smaill","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90644-4","article-title":"Intravaginal clindamycin treatment for bacterial vaginosis: Effects on preterm delivery and low birth weight","volume":"173","author":"Joesoef","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00097-B","article-title":"Screening and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy to prevent pyelonephritis: A cost-effectiveness and cost-beneficial analysis","volume":"86","author":"Rouse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib105","article-title":"Antibiotics for preterm labour with intact membranes (Cochrane Review)","author":"King","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib106","first-page":"835","article-title":"Evidence-based prevention of preterm birth and rupture of membranes: Infection and inflammation","volume":"19","author":"McGregor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Soc Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70201-1","article-title":"Use of antibiotics to prevent preterm birth","volume":"177","author":"Gibbs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: A public health perspective","volume":"45","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1996","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80030-9","article-title":"Intraamniotic infection and the onset of labor in preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"159","author":"Romero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90014-A","article-title":"A comparative study of the diagnostic performance of amniotic fluid glucose, white blood cell count, interleukin-6, and Gram stain in the detection of microbial invasion in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"169","author":"Romero","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib111","first-page":"539","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis in the preterm gestation","volume":"59","author":"Garite","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1992.tb14497.x","article-title":"Prenatal microbiological risk factors associated with preterm birth","volume":"99","author":"McDonald","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brit J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)80035-4","article-title":"Ampicillin for neonatal group B streptococcal prophylaxis: How rapidly can bactericidal concentrations be achieved?","volume":"175","author":"Bloom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3109\/inf.1970.2.issue-2.09","article-title":"Transplacental passage of azidocillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G during early and late pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Hockert","year":"1970","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197904040-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in pregnancy and labor","volume":"4","author":"Philpson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.278.12.989","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"278","author":"Mercer","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04233-1","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomised trial","volume":"357","author":"Kenyon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90306-2","article-title":"Treatments of preterm premature rupture of the membranes: A meta-analysis","volume":"160","author":"Ohlsson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91868-X","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy in expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"346","author":"Mercer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70433-7","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment in preterm premature rupture of membranes and neonatal morbidity: A meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Egarter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(97)70398-3","article-title":"A prospective, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial of ampicillin-sulbactam for preterm premature rupture of membranes in women receiving antenatal corticosteroid therapy","volume":"176","author":"Lovett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00181-P","article-title":"Latency period after preterm premature rupture of membranes: A comparison of ampicillin with and without sulbactam","volume":"86","author":"Lewis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(88)80002-4","article-title":"Ampicillin prophylaxis in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: A prospective randomized study","volume":"159","author":"Amon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90038-K","article-title":"Randomized trial of prophylactic antibiotic therapy after preterm amnion rupture","volume":"169","author":"Owen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91060-P","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: A randomized, prospective, double-blind trial","volume":"163","author":"Johnston","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001063420103","article-title":"Group B streptococcal disease in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis","volume":"342","author":"Schrag","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.1.35","article-title":"Neonatal early-onset Escherichia coli disease","volume":"152","author":"Joseph","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70182-6","article-title":"Potential consequences of widespread antipartal use of ampicillin","volume":"179","author":"Towers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70307-8","article-title":"Antibiotic use in pregnancy and drug-resistant infant sepsis","volume":"181","author":"Mercer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)00843-7","article-title":"Expanded-spectrum antibiotics with preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"96","author":"Edwards","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00325-1","article-title":"The risk of low birth weight associated with vaginal douching","volume":"92","author":"Fiscella","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70265-0","article-title":"The effect of cytokine mediators on prostaglandin inhibition by human decidual cells","volume":"179","author":"Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)91360-2","article-title":"The preterm prediction study: Significance of vaginal infections","volume":"173","author":"Meis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.1.176-186.1994","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis and vaginal microorganisms in idiopathic premature labor and association with pregnancy outcome","volume":"32","author":"Holst","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib135","first-page":"173","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis in early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome","volume":"80","author":"Kurki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90493-X","article-title":"Outcome of the vaginal infections and prematurity study: Results of a clinical trial of erythromycin among pregnant women colonized with group B streptococci","volume":"172","author":"Klebanoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90506-M","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin for the treatment of Ureaplasma urealyticum to prevent premature delivery. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group","volume":"164","author":"Eschenbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib138","first-page":"202","article-title":"Effect on birth weight of erythromycin treatment of pregnant women","volume":"69","author":"McCormack","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6661(199805\/06)7:3<105::AID-MFM1>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment in preterm labor and intact membranes: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Oyarzun","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb14347.x","article-title":"Ampicillin-metronidazole treatment in idiopathic preterm labour: a randomised controlled multicentre trial","volume":"104","author":"Svare","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70395-2","article-title":"Randomized investigation of antimicrobials for the prevention of preterm birth","volume":"174","author":"Cox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90494-8","article-title":"Obstetrics: A randomized, prospective study of adjunctive ceftizoxime in preterm labor","volume":"172","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb11912.x","article-title":"Ampicillin and metronidazole treatment in preterm labour: A multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"101","author":"Norman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1155\/S106474499400013X","article-title":"Randomized trial of antibiotics in addition to tocolytic therapy to treat preterm labor","volume":"1","author":"Watts","year":"1994","journal-title":"Inf Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90003-2","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of preterm labor with intact membranes: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"169","author":"Romero","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90430-Y","article-title":"Adjunctive clindamycin therapy for preterm labor: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"165","author":"McGregor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90029-Q","article-title":"Combination antibiotics and indomethacin in idiopathic preterm labor: A randomized double-blinded clinical trial","volume":"165","author":"Newton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib148","first-page":"562","article-title":"A randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial of antibiotics in idiopathic preterm labor","volume":"74","author":"Newton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198812000-00002","article-title":"A randomized study of antibiotic therapy in idiopathic preterm labor","volume":"72","author":"Morales","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90401-1","article-title":"Adjunctive erythromycin treatment for idiopathic preterm labor: Results of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"154","author":"McGregor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(92)91336-9","article-title":"Erythromycin therapy in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: A prospective, randomized trial of 220 patients","volume":"166","author":"Mercer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(91)90299-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy in preterm premature rupture of membranes: Results of a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin","volume":"165","author":"McGregor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70220-9","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of penicillin in preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"170","author":"Ernest","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994661","article-title":"Premature rupture of the membranes: Effect of penicillin prophylaxis and long-term outcome of the children","volume":"9","author":"Kurki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Perinat"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib155","first-page":"721","article-title":"Use of ampicillin and corticosteroids in premature rupture of membranes: A randomized study","volume":"73","author":"Morales","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(92)90724-W","article-title":"Adjunctive antibiotic treatment of women with preterm rupture of membranes or preterm labor","volume":"38","author":"McCaul","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000292046","article-title":"A randomized study on the impact of peroral amoxicillin in women with prelabor rupture of membranes preterm","volume":"41","author":"Almeida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90037-J","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of piperacillin prophylaxis in preterm membrane rupture","volume":"169","author":"Lockwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1053\/sper.2001.27163_bib159","first-page":"759","article-title":"Expectant management of preterm ruptured membranes: Effects of antimicrobial therapy","volume":"80","author":"Christmas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Seminars in Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146000501800355?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0146000501800355?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T10:11:33Z","timestamp":1586859093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0146000501800355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"references-count":159,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0146000501800355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/sper.2001.27163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0146-0005"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0146-0005","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}}}