{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T09:06:20Z","timestamp":1789895180918,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]],"date-time":"2000-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":954547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,28]],"date-time":"2002-07-28T17:51:53Z","timestamp":1027878713000},"page":"652-659","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The phenomenon of claimed memories of previous lives: possible interpretations and importance"],"prefix":"10.1054","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF1","unstructured":"Fielding Hall, H. The Soul of a People. London, Macmillan, 1898"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF2","unstructured":"Hearn, L. Gleanings in Buddha-fields. Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1897"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF3","unstructured":"Gupta, L. D. Sharma, N. R. Mathur, T. C. An inquiry into the case of Shanti Devi. Delhi, International Aryan League, 1936"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF4","unstructured":"Sahay, K. K. N. Reincarnation: verified cases of re-birth after death. Bareilly, U.P. N.L. Gupta, c. 1927"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF5","first-page":"302","article-title":"Cas apparents de r\u00e9miniscences de vies ant\u00e9rieures","volume":"4","author":"Sunderlal","year":"1924","journal-title":"Revue m\u00e9tapsychique"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF6","first-page":"51","article-title":"The evidence for survival from claimed memories of former incarnations","volume":"54","author":"Stevenson","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Am Soc Psychical Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF7","series-title":"Twenty cases suggestive of reincarnation. 2nd. rev. edn.","author":"Stevenson","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF8","first-page":"229","article-title":"Cultural patterns in cases suggestive of reincarnation among the Tlingit Indians of southeastern Alaska","volume":"60","author":"Stevenson","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Am Soc Psychical Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF9","series-title":"Cases of the reincarnation type. vol. 1. Ten Cases in India","author":"Stevenson","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF10","series-title":"Cases of the reincarnation type. vol. 2. Ten Cases in Sri Lanka","author":"Stevenson","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF11","series-title":"Cases of the reincarnation type. vol. 3. Twelve Cases in Lebanon and Turkey","author":"Stevenson","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF12","series-title":"Cases of the reincarnation type. vol. 4. Twelve Cases in Thailand and Burma","author":"Stevenson","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/002190968602100305","article-title":"Characteristics of cases of the reincarnation type among the Igbo of Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Stevenson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Asian and African Studies"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198312000-00006","article-title":"American children who claim to remember previous lives","volume":"171","author":"Stevenson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF15","unstructured":"Stevenson, I. Children who remember previous lives. Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia, 1987"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF16","first-page":"133","article-title":"A replication study: three cases of children in northern India who are said to remember a previous life","volume":"3","author":"Mills","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF17","first-page":"189","article-title":"Moslem cases of the reincarnation type in northern India: a test of the hypothesis of imposed identification. Part II: reports of three cases","volume":"4","author":"Mills","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF18","unstructured":"Pasricha, S. Claims of reincarnation: an empirical study of cases in India. New Delhi, Harman Publishing House, 1990"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF19","first-page":"259","article-title":"Cases of the reincarnation type in northern India with birthmarks and birth defects","volume":"12","author":"Pasricha","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF20","first-page":"27","article-title":"New cases in Burma, Thailand, and Turkey: a limited field study replication of some aspects of Ian Stevenson\u2019s research","volume":"5","author":"Keil","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF21","first-page":"467","article-title":"Cases of the reincarnation type: an evaluation of some indirect evidence with examples of \u2018silent\u2019 cases","volume":"10","author":"Keil","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF22","first-page":"233","article-title":"Children claiming past-life memories: four cases in Sri Lanka","volume":"5","author":"Haraldsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF23","first-page":"207","article-title":"Replication studies of cases suggestive of reincarnation by three independent investigators","volume":"88","author":"Mills","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Soc Psychical Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF24","first-page":"115","article-title":"A review and analysis of \u2018unsolved\u2019 cases of the reincarnation type. Part II: comparison of features of solved and unsolved cases","volume":"77","author":"Cook","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Soc Psychical Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF25","first-page":"239","article-title":"Indian cases of the reincarnation type two generations apart","volume":"54","author":"Pasricha","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Soc Psychical Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF26","first-page":"189","article-title":"Do cases of the reincarnation type show similar features over many years? A study of Turkish cases a generation apart","volume":"13","author":"Keil","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198812000-00008","article-title":"Three new cases of the reincarnation type in Sri Lanka with written records made before verification","volume":"176","author":"Stevenson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199808000-00011","article-title":"Does the socio-psychological hypothesis explain cases of the reincarnation type?","volume":"186","author":"Schouten","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/002190967901400304","article-title":"Reincarnation cases in Fatehabad: a systematic survey in North India","volume":"XIV","author":"Barker","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Asian and African Studies"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF30","first-page":"243","article-title":"Phobias in children who claim to remember previous lives","volume":"4","author":"Stevenson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Sci Expl"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90131-D","article-title":"The etiology of childhood water phobia","volume":"31","author":"Menzies","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, R. The \u2018sissy boy syndrome\u2019 and the development of homosexuality. New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1987","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1ww3v4c"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00290065","article-title":"Sex-typed motor behaviors of \u2018feminine\u2019 boys, conventionally masculine boys, and conventionally feminine girls","volume":"9","author":"Green","year":"1983","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198402000-00005","article-title":"Early effeminate behavior in boys: outcome and significance for homosexuality","volume":"172","author":"Zuger","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(88)90067-3","article-title":"Is early effeminate behavior in boys early homosexuality?","volume":"29","author":"Zuger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8332896","article-title":"A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation","volume":"261","author":"Hamer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810360053008","article-title":"A genetic study of male sexual orientation","volume":"48","author":"Bailey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1887219","article-title":"A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men","volume":"253","author":"LeVay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199410063311407","article-title":"Homosexuality","volume":"331","author":"Friedman","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF40","unstructured":"Green, R. Sexual Identity Conflict in Children and Adults. New York, Basic Books, 1974"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.124.12.1653","article-title":"Can a biological force contribute to gender identity?","volume":"124","author":"Baker","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF42","first-page":"87","volume":"May","year":"1973","journal-title":"Good Housekeeping"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF43","unstructured":"Martino, M. Emergence: a Transsexual Autobiography. New York, Crown Publishers, 1977"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF44","unstructured":"Morris, J. Conundrum. London, Faber and Faber, 1974"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF45","series-title":"Freud Collected Papers","article-title":"Family romances","author":"Freud","year":"1950"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF46","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact","volume":"2","author":"Kanner","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nerv Child"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2307\/1127010","article-title":"Neonatal startles, smiles, erections, and reflex sucks as related to state, sex, and individuality","volume":"40","author":"Korner","year":"1969","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1971.tb03220.x","article-title":"Individual differences at birth: implications for early experience and later development","volume":"41","author":"Korner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/os-2.7.285","article-title":"A biographical sketch of an infant","volume":"2","author":"Darwin","year":"1877","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028595","article-title":"Fear of visual novelty: developmental patterns in males and females","volume":"2","author":"Bronson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2307\/1131592","article-title":"Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort","volume":"66","author":"Caspi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3353713","article-title":"Biological bases of childhood shyness","volume":"240","author":"Kagan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.118.9.781","article-title":"Evidence for a congenital factor in maladjustment and delinquency","volume":"118","author":"Stott","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF54","unstructured":"Glueck, S. Glueck, E. T. Unravelling Juvenile Delinquency. New York, The Commonwealth Fund, 1950"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF55","unstructured":"Coles, R. The Moral Intelligence of Children. New York, Random House, 1997"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF56","unstructured":"Stevenson, I. Reincarnation and Biology: a Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects. 2 vols. Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers, 1997"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF57","series-title":"Smith\u2019s Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation","author":"Jones","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of the problem of congenital malformations","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy","year":"1967","journal-title":"Birth Defects Original Article Series"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901053200104","article-title":"Malformations due to presumed spontaneous mutations in newborn infants","volume":"320","author":"Nelson","year":"1989","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF60","unstructured":"Wilson, J. G. Environment and Birth Defects. New York, Academic Press, 1973"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF61","unstructured":"Newman, H. H. Multiple Human Births. New York, Doubleday, 1940"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF62","unstructured":"Smith, J. D. Psychological Profiles of Conjoined Twins: Heredity, Environment and Identity. New York, Praeger, 1988"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2307\/2840900","article-title":"The history of twins, as a criterion of the relative powers of nature and nurture","volume":"5","author":"Galton","year":"1875","journal-title":"Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF64","unstructured":"Nelkin, D. Lindee, M. S. The DNA Mystique: the Gene as a Cultural Icon. New York, W.H. Freeman, 1995"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5318.1560","article-title":"Substantial genetic influence on cognitive abilities in twins 80 or more years old","volume":"276","author":"McClearn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920_RF66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5342.1383a","article-title":"Twin studies, heritability, and intelligence. Correspondence","volume":"278","author":"Feldman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987799909209?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987799909209?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,10]],"date-time":"2019-04-10T16:20:37Z","timestamp":1554913237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987799909209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987799909209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.1999.0920","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}}}