{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T06:40:15Z","timestamp":1778568015130,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]],"date-time":"2001-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,19]],"date-time":"2002-09-19T14:55:42Z","timestamp":1032447342000},"page":"231-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Chronic fatigue syndrome: neurological findings may be related to blood\u2013brain barrier permeability"],"prefix":"10.1054","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"A.C.","family":"Bested","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.R.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.C.","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.Supplement_1.S8","article-title":"Symptoms and signs of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Komaroff","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)90012-1","article-title":"An examination of the working case definition of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Komaroff","year":"1996","journal-title":"American J Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1994.11945923","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome update: findings now point to CNS involvement","volume":"96","author":"Bell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00513.x","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance","volume":"246","author":"Evengard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF5","unstructured":"Gartner, L. P. Hiatt, J. L. Color textbook of histology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1997"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(98)00088-X","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier efflux transporters as a detoxifying system for the brain","volume":"36","author":"Teraski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-2-103","article-title":"A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpesvirus 6 infection","volume":"116","author":"Buchwald","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(93)90276-5","article-title":"A controlled study of brain magnetic resonance imaging in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Natelson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00243-9","article-title":"Brain MRI abnormalities exist in a subset of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Lange","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.162.4.8141022","article-title":"SPECT imaging of the brain: Comparison of finding in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS, dimentia complex, and major unipolar depression","volume":"162","author":"Schwartz","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJR"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF11","first-page":"733","article-title":"Brain stem hypoperfusion in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis-chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Costa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Nuclear Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)81534-X","article-title":"99mTC HMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Troughton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199213100-00011","article-title":"Assessment of regional cerebralperfusion by 99Tcm-HMPAO SPECT in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"13(10)","author":"Ichise","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90187-5","article-title":"Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary findings","volume":"32","author":"Demitrack","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90087-G","article-title":"Bupropion treatment of fluoxetine-resistant chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Goodnick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(95)00026-J","article-title":"Contrasting neuroendocrine responses in depression and chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Cleare","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6833.1010","article-title":"Possible upregulation of hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in patients with postviral fatigue syndrome","volume":"304","author":"Bakheit","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7101.164","article-title":"Increased brain serotonin function in men with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"315","author":"Sharpe","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62595-1","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of oral NADH on the symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Forsyth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF20","first-page":"234","article-title":"Abnormal arginine-vasopressin secretion and water metabolism in patients with post-viral fatigue syndrome","volume":"87(3)","author":"Bakheit","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-6-1224","article-title":"Evidence for impaired activation of the hypothalamimc-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"73(6)","author":"Demitrack","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.Supplement_1.S109","article-title":"Testing of vestibular function: An adjunct in the assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Furman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489509133339","article-title":"Vestibular function test anomalies in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Ash-Bernal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00108-E","article-title":"Gait abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"131","author":"Boda","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00200-1","article-title":"Alteration of spatial-temporal parameters of gait in chronic fatigue syndrome patients","volume":"154","author":"Saggini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6886.1161","article-title":"Abnormalities of sleep in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"306","author":"Morriss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90134-2","article-title":"Sleep disturbance in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Krupp","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S68","article-title":"Sleep disorders in patients with chronic fatigue","volume":"18(Suppl 1)","author":"Buchwald","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00052-0","article-title":"Sudden vs. gradual onset of chronic fatigue syndrome differentiates individuals on cognitive and psychiatric measures","volume":"31(1)","author":"DeLuca","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Psychiat Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00422-X","article-title":"Cognitive deficits in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Marcel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639608408290","article-title":"Cognitive functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Michiels","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF32","first-page":"584","article-title":"Cognitive functioning of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"18(Suppl 1)","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.1.38","article-title":"Neuropsychological impairments in chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression","volume":"58","author":"DeLuca","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.151","article-title":"Cognitive functioning is impaired in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome devoid of psychiatric disease","volume":"62","author":"DeLuca","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1300\/J092v04n02_03","article-title":"Prolongation of central motor conduction time in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"4(2)","author":"Hilgers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6291","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.10.6291-6298.1994","article-title":"Semliki Forest Virus infects mouse brain endothelial cells and causes blood\u2013brain barrier damage","volume":"68","author":"Soilu-Hanninen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF37","first-page":"603","article-title":"Breakdown of blood\u2013brain barrier by virus induced cytokine during Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"73","author":"Mathur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Exp Path"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00060-3","article-title":"Experimental acute pancreatitis results in increased blood\u2013brain barrier permeability in the rat: A potential role for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6","volume":"242(3)","author":"Farkas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuro Sci Lett"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01021-9","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in histamine-induced increases in permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"743","author":"Mayhan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400323","article-title":"The potential role of nitric oxide in multiple sclerosis","volume":"4(3)","author":"Giovanni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00145-8","article-title":"Evidence for the production of peroxynitrite in inflammatory CNS demyelination","volume":"80","author":"Cross","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.5.691","article-title":"Uric acid, a peroxynitrite scavenger, inhibits CNS inflammation, blood-CNS barrier permeability changes, and tissue damage in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Hooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"FASEB"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320509","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier abnormalities in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Immunohistochemical localization of serum proteins in postmortem brain","volume":"32","author":"Petito C and Cash","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00021-5","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid and serum nitrate and nitrite levels in patients with central nervous system complications of HIV-1 infection: A correlation with blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"156","author":"Giovannoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-102-1-7","article-title":"Persisting illness and fatigue in adults with evidence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection","volume":"102","author":"Straus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.302.6778.692","article-title":"Environmental RNA sequences detected by polymerase chain reaction in muscle of patients with postviral fatigue syndrome","volume":"302","author":"Gow","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90329-7","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis and alpha interferon","volume":"1","author":"Ho-Yen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027330616073","article-title":"Elevation of bioactive transforming growth factor-beta in serum from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Bennett","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.6.994","article-title":"Serum levels of lymphokines and soluble cellular receptors in primary Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection and in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"165","author":"Linde","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-4666(91)90497-2","article-title":"Altered cytokine release in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Chao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s147","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.Supplement_1.S147","article-title":"Disregulated expression of tumor necrosis factor in the chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome: Interrelations with cellular sources and patterns of soluble immune mediator expression","volume":"18","author":"Patarca","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1998.0825","article-title":"Elevated, sustained peroxynitrite levels as the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Pall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(86)90037-7","article-title":"Probable involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine in increased permeability of blood\u2013brain barrier under heat stress in young rats","volume":"25","author":"Sharma","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91205-4","article-title":"Influence of long-term acute heat exposure on regional blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow and 5HT level in conscious normotensive young rats","volume":"424","author":"Sharma","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00170-2","article-title":"Probable involvement of serotonin in the increased permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier by forced swimming. An experimental study using Evans blue and 1311-sodium tracers in the rat","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00194-N","article-title":"Impairment of blood\u2013brain barrier function by serotonin induces desynchronization of spontaneous cerebral cortical activity. Experimental observations in the anaesthetized rat","volume":"68","author":"Winkler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90180-9","article-title":"Clinical aspects of psychoneuroimmunology","volume":"345","author":"Goodkin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.2.200","article-title":"Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress effects on pathogenesis, and immunity during infection","author":"Sheridan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0397-253a","article-title":"Stress and the blood brain barrier","volume":"3(3)","author":"Azevedo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(91)90187-G","article-title":"Stress induced neuroinvasivness of a neurovirulent noninvasive sindbis virus in cold or isolation subjected mice","volume":"48","author":"Ben-Nathan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90436-6","article-title":"Histamine modulates heat stress-induced changes in blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, cerebral blood flow, brain oedema and sertonin levels: An experimental study in the young rat","volume":"50","author":"Sharma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb10594.x","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier permeability and immobilization stress","volume":"116","author":"Belova","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00335-3","article-title":"Stress-induced increase in blood\u2013brain barrier permeability in control and monosodium glutamate-treated rats","volume":"45","author":"Skultetyova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res Bul"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(88)90051-X","article-title":"EEG changes following increased blood\u2013brain barrier permeability under long term immobilization stress in young rats","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(91)90058-7","article-title":"Increased blood\u2013brain barrier permeability following acute short-term forced swimming exercise in conscious normotensive young rats","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF66","first-page":"656","article-title":"Survey of symptoms following intake of pyridostigmine during the Persian Gulf War","volume":"27","author":"Sharabi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(91)90113-I","article-title":"The influence of pyridostigmine on human neuromuscular junctions \u2013 studies in healthy human subjects","volume":"16","author":"Glickson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1296-1382","article-title":"Pyridostigmine brain penetration under stress enhances neuronal excitability and induces early immediate transcriptional response","volume":"12","author":"Friedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF69","first-page":"571","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome: A stress disorder?","volume":"55","author":"Cleare","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002225X","article-title":"A comparitive psychiatric assessment of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and muscle disease","volume":"21","author":"Wood","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00050-7","article-title":"Precipitating factors for the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Salit","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Psychiat Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1300\/J092v01n02_04","article-title":"Physical, behavioral and psychological risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome: A central role for stress?","volume":"1(2)","author":"Dobbins","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Chronic Fatigue Syndrome"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199905000-00009","article-title":"Critical life events, infections, and symptoms during the year preceding chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): An examination of CFS patients and subjects with a nonspecific life crisis","volume":"61","author":"Theorell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700037818","article-title":"Chronic fatigue in the community: A question of attribution","volume":"26","author":"Chalder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92537-6","article-title":"Postinfectious fatigue: Prospective cohort study in primary care","volume":"345","author":"Wessely","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199507000-00002","article-title":"Physical symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome are exacerbated by the stress of Hurricane Andrew","volume":"57","author":"Lutgendorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF77","first-page":"692","article-title":"Disturbed neuroendocrine \u2013 immune interactions in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Kavelaars","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289909596740","article-title":"Stress and course of disease in multiple sclerosis","volume":"25(3)","author":"Schwartz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF79","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Stress is associated with the subsequent development of new brain lesions in multiple sclerosis {abstract}","volume":"20","author":"Mohr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1373.2000.22324.x","article-title":"Zinc deficiency exacerbates loss in blood\u2013brain barrier integrity induced by hyperoxia measured by Dynamic MRI","volume":"223","author":"Noseworthy","year":"2000","journal-title":"PSEBM"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021191729865","article-title":"Potential role of cerebral glutathione in the maintenance of blood\u2013brain barrier integrity in rat","volume":"24","author":"Agarwal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65052138.x","article-title":"Hypoxia increases the susceptibility to oxidant stress and the permeability of the blood\u2013brain barrier endothelial cell monolayer","volume":"65","author":"Plateel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020429048","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes reduce loss of blood\u2013brain barrier integrity in experimental optic neuritis","volume":"107","author":"Guy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Opthalmol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719601500507","article-title":"Cadmium induced alterations in blood\u2013brain barrier permeability and its possible correlation with decreased microvessel antioxidant potential in rat","volume":"15","author":"Shukla","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxical"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2000.10718934","article-title":"Magnesium status and parameters of the oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with chronic fatigue: effects of supplementation with magnesium","volume":"19(3)","author":"Keenoy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1006\/clin.1993.1178","article-title":"Low NK syndrome and its relationship to chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Aoki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1998.0780","article-title":"Competition for glutathione precursors between the immune system and the skeletal muscle: Pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Bounous","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF88","first-page":"24","article-title":"Research and treatment: Patients improve with glutathione","volume":"11(1)","author":"Salvato","year":"1998","journal-title":"The CFIDS Chronicle"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)32169-6","article-title":"Astrocytes are mainly responsible for the polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment in blood\u2013brain barrier endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"39(9)","author":"Bernoud","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90286-G","article-title":"Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acid deficiency on blood-to\u2013brain transfer of sucrose, \u03b1-aminoisobutyric acid and phenylalanine in the rat","volume":"137","author":"Ziylan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF91","first-page":"S68","article-title":"Alterations in blood\u2013brain barrier permeability induced by a diet deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"9(Suppl 1)","author":"Ziylan","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S338","DOI":"10.1042\/bst022338s","article-title":"Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency and immunopathological stresses on blood\u2013brain barrier (B-BB) in Lewis rats: A biochemical study","volume":"22","author":"Hussain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(94)90046-9","article-title":"Eicosanoids and essential fatty acid modulation in chronic disease and the chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Gray","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(90)90125-X","article-title":"Post-viral fatigue syndrome, viral infections in atopic eczema, and essential fatty acids","volume":"32","author":"Horrobin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb04490.x","article-title":"Effect of high doses of essential fatty acids on the postviral fatigue syndrome","author":"Behan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF96","first-page":"38","article-title":"Grand rounds: research and treatment","volume":"Spring","author":"Cheney","year":"1995","journal-title":"The CFIDS Chronicle"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF97","first-page":"6368","article-title":"Glutamate receptor agonists stimulate nitric oxide synthase in primary culture","volume":"88","author":"Kiedrowski","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6368","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.14.6368","article-title":"Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical culture","volume":"88","author":"Dawson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00064-6","article-title":"Neurotoxicity, blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown, demyelination and remyelination associated with NMDA \u2013 induced lesions of the rat lateral hypothalamus","volume":"43","author":"Brace","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res Bul"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91589-7","article-title":"Capillary NMDA receptors regulate blood\u2013brain barrier function and breakdown","volume":"588","author":"Koenig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00309-P","article-title":"NMDA and endothelin \u2013 1 \u2013 induced increases in blood\u2013brain barrier permeability quantitated with lucifer yellow","volume":"136","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb00189.x","article-title":"blood\u2013brain barrier abnormalities in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"640","author":"Harik","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.130.4.1695","article-title":"Permeability of the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier during acute immune complex disease","volume":"130","author":"Hoffman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306_RF104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.141.3.273","article-title":"Impairment of the blood\u2013brain barrier as an aetiological factor in paranoid psychosis","volume":"141","author":"Axelsson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brit J Psychiat"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987701913064?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987701913064?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T05:20:24Z","timestamp":1682140824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987701913064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987701913064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1054\/mehy.2001.1306","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}}}