{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T17:22:52Z","timestamp":1777656172337,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Clin Inform"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2003Manual data entry is time-consuming, inefficient, and error prone. In contrast, leveraging two-dimensional (2D) barcodes and barcode scanning tools is a rapid and effective practice for automatically entering vaccine data accurately and completely. CDC pilots documented clinical and public health impacts of 2D barcode scanning practices on data quality and completeness, time savings, workflow efficiencies, and staff experience.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Objectives\u2003Data entry practices and entered records from routine and mass vaccination settings were analyzed. Data quality improvement opportunities were identified.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2003A sample of 50 million emergency use authorization (EUA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine records were analyzed for accuracy and completeness across three data fields: lot number, expiration date, and National Drug Code (NDC). The EUA COVID-19 vaccines lacked a 2D barcode containing these data fields, which necessitated manual data entry at administration. A CDC pilot at clinic compared scanned and manually entered data for routine vaccines across these same data fields.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2003Analysis of 50 million manually entered EUA COVID-19 vaccine administration records indicated significant gaps in data accuracy and completeness across three data fields. Over half of the analyzed EUA vaccine NDCs (53%) and one-third of the expiration dates (35%) had missing or inaccurate data recorded. Pilot data also showed many errors when manually entered. However, when the pilot's routine vaccines were scanned (out of 71,969 records), nearly all entries were complete and accurate across all three data fields (ranging from 99.7% to 99.999% accurate).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2003Vaccine 2D barcode scanning practices increased data accuracy and completeness (up to 99.999% accurate) across data fields assessed. When used consistently, vaccine 2D barcode scanning can resolve issues demonstrated in manually entered data. To realize these benefits, the immunization community should widely use scanning practices. To increase use, CDC developed a Vaccine 2D Barcode National Adoption Strategy and implementation resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2255-9749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:38:41Z","timestamp":1706575121000},"page":"265-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Improving Immunization Health Care Data Quality using Two-Dimensional Barcoding and Barcode Scanning Practices"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Faisal","family":"Reza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine 2D Barcodes Team, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deloitte Consulting LLP, Alexandria, Virginia, United States"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine 2D Barcodes Team, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}]},{"given":"Jenica H.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deloitte Consulting LLP, Alexandria, Virginia, United States"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine 2D Barcodes Team, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"},{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, United States"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"04","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.043","article-title":"Exploring the feasibility of integrating barcode scanning technology into vaccine inventory recording in seasonal influenza vaccination clinics","volume":"30","author":"J A Pereira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"31","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.073","article-title":"Prospective cost-benefit analysis of a two-dimensional barcode for vaccine production, clinical documentation, and public health reporting and tracking","volume":"31","author":"A C O'Connor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Findings Report: 2D Vaccine Barcode Scanning Pilot","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"issue":"01","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JHQ.0000000000000265","article-title":"Improving utilization of vaccine two-dimensional (2D) barcode scanning technology maximizes accuracy benefits","volume":"43","author":"J H Reed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Healthc Qual"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00125","article-title":"Systematic review: impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care","volume":"144","author":"B Chaudhry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2015-06-R-0077","article-title":"The efficacy of patients' wristband bar-code on prevention of medical errors: a meta-analysis study","volume":"6","author":"M Khammarnia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/NCQ.0000000000000495","article-title":"Improving staff experience with vaccine data entry with 2D barcode scanning","volume":"36","author":"H V Evanson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nurs Care Qual"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Product Identifiers Under the Drug Supply Chain Security Act: Questions and Answers Guidance for Industry","author":"US Food and Drug Administration"},{"issue":"29","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.005","article-title":"Pediatric vaccination errors: application of the \u201c5 rights\u201d framework to a national error reporting database","volume":"27","author":"D G Bundy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.11.015","article-title":"The integration of barcode scanning technology into Canadian public health immunization settings","volume":"32","author":"J A Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"47","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.09.052","article-title":"Evaluation of scanning 2D barcoded vaccines to improve data accuracy of vaccines administered","volume":"34","author":"A Daily","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Vaccine Two-Dimensional (2D) Barcodes","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Vaccine 2D Barcodes Landscape Assessment","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"CDC Vaccine 2D Barcode Scanning Functionality Testing Resource","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"CDC Vaccine 2D Barcode Scanning Implementation Toolkit","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"CDC EHR\/IIS 2D Barcode Functional Capabilities Guide","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"container-title":["Applied Clinical Informatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-2255-9749.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T10:26:03Z","timestamp":1730802363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-2255-9749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2255-9749","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1869-0327"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1869-0327","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]}}}