{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T22:29:40Z","timestamp":1781216980735,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Orthop Unfall"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shoulder stiffness is a condition of restricted glenohumeral range of motion, which can arise spontaneously or as consequence of a known cause, including surgical procedures on the shoulder. Several approaches to shoulder stiffness have been proposed and high-level evidence is available to analyze and discuss their results. The aim of this review was to summarize the current concepts on conservative and operative treatment of shoulder stiffness and discuss the results of the available studies with a high level of evidence, which should be considered to guide clinical practice. Treatment of shoulder stiffness should be tailored to the patient\u02bcs clinical situation and the stage of its shoulder pathology and should aim at pain reduction, restoration of range of motion, functional regain and shortening of symptoms duration. When possible, known risk factors for primary shoulder stiffness and causes of secondary shoulder stiffness should be addressed to avoid relapse. Conservative therapy is the mainstay of treatment for shoulder stiffness and should include a multimodal and activity-oriented program. Intra-articular injection of a low dose of corticosteroid is safe and effective, provides immediate benefits, and is recommended in combination to an appropriate rehabilitation protocol. In conservative refractory cases, arthrolysis and capsular release can be performed with an arthroscopic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0853-2128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T23:14:00Z","timestamp":1562800440000},"page":"668-675","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Shoulder Stiffness \u2013 How to Treat?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Cucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Orthop\u00e4die und Unfallchirurgie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian Gottfried","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Orthop\u00e4die und Unfallchirurgie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter Christian","family":"Wirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Orthop\u00e4die und Unfallchirurgie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max Julian","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Orthop\u00e4die und Unfallchirurgie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]},"container-title":["Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Orthop\u00e4die und Unfallchirurgie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-0853-2128.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T00:14:07Z","timestamp":1575418447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-0853-2128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0853-2128","relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-6697","1864-6743"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-6697","type":"print"},{"value":"1864-6743","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]]}}}