{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T23:11:39Z","timestamp":1780701099110,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sportverletz Sportschaden"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2002Cold-water immersion (CWI) has become a popular preventive, regenerative and performance-enhancing intervention in various sports. However, its effects on soft tissue, including changes of intramuscular stiffness, are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CWI on muscle stiffness.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Patients\/Material and Methods\u2002Thirty healthy participants were included and divided into the three following groups (n\u200a=\u200a10): 1) post-ESU group: exercise and CWI (post-exercise set-up); 2) control group: exercise without CWI (control condition); 3) pre-ESU group: CWI alone (pre-exercise set-up). Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography was conducted to assess tissue stiffness (shear wave velocity, SWV). Values obtained at resting conditions (baseline, t0) were compared to values post-exercise (t1, for post-ESU group and control group), post-CWI (t2, for post-ESU group and pre-ESU group; rest for control group) and to 60-min follow-up time (t3, for all groups). Data were assessed in superficial and deep muscle tissue (rectus femoris muscle, RF; vastus intermedius muscle, VI).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2002For the post-ESU group (CWI post-exercise), there was no significant difference between the time points of measurements: exercise (t1: RF: 1.63\u200am\/s; VI: 1.54\u200am\/s), CWI (t2: RF: 1.63\u200am\/s; VI: 1.53\u200am\/s) and at 60-min follow-up (t3:\u00a0RF: 1.72\u200am\/s; VI: 1.61\u200am\/s). In the control group, a significant decrease of SWV was found between baseline conditions at t0 and post-exercise (t1) at VI (VI: 1.37\u200am\/s; p\u200a=\u200a0.004; RF: 1.59\u200am\/s; p\u200a=\u200a0.084). For t2 and t3, no further significant changes were detected. Regarding the pre-exercise set-up (pre-ESU group), a significant decrease in SWV from baseline to t2 in VI (1.60\u200am\/s to 1.49\u200am\/s; VI: p\u200a=\u200a0.027) was found.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2002This study shows varying influences of CWI on muscle stiffness. Overall, we did not detect any significant effects of CWI on muscle stiffness post-exercise. Muscle stiffness-related effects of CWI differ in the context of a pre- or post-exercise condition and have to be considered in the implementation of CWI to ensure its potential preventive and regenerative benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0854-8302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T22:44:17Z","timestamp":1563489857000},"page":"72-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Pre- and Post-Exercise Cold-Water Immersion Therapy on Passive Muscle Stiffness"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"H\u00fcttel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Golditz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg Germany, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Heiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Lutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Sportsorthopedics and Sportsmedicine, Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias Wilhelm","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Osnabr\u00fcck GmbH, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Engelhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Osnabr\u00fcck GmbH, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper","family":"Grim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Osnabr\u00fcck GmbH, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Seehaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimund","family":"Forst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilo","family":"Hotfiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Trauma and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Osnabr\u00fcck GmbH, Osnabr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"container-title":["Sportverletzung \u00b7 Sportschaden"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-0854-8302.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]],"date-time":"2020-06-03T22:39:01Z","timestamp":1591223941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-0854-8302"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-0854-8302","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0555","1439-1236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0555","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-1236","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]}}}