{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:20:16Z","timestamp":1782901216383,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\nPurpose The authors review the clinical outcomes of patients with primary hypophysitis (PH).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nMethods Patients with PH who were followed up between 2007 and 2018 at our clinic were evaluated. Clinical, endocrinologic, pathologic, radiologic findings and treatment modalities were assessed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nResults Seventeen patients with PH were assessed. The median follow-up was 24 (range, 6\u201384) months. Histologic confirmation was available in 8 patients (6 lymphocytic hypophysitis, 1 lymphocytic-granulomatous hypophysitis, 1 xanthomatous hypophysitis). None of the cases were diagnosed after pregnancy. Two patients had an autoimmune disease. The most commonly seen symptom was headache. The most common anterior pituitary deficiencies were hypocortisolemia and hypothyroidism. The radiologic findings of the patients at the time of diagnosis revealed various results including space-occupying lesion (41.2%), loss of posterior hypophysis bright spot (47.1%), pituitary stalk thickening (41.2%), uniform contrast enhancement (17.6%), partially empty sella (11.8%), optic chiasm compression (11.8%). The most frequent initial treatment modality was observation. Ten patients who were followed up conservatively had no endocrinologic deterioration; additional treatment was not needed in 8 of these 10 patients. The second most frequent initial treatment modality was pituitary surgery. Five patients received steroid treatment. We found serious adverse effects during steroid treatment in 3 of 5 (60%) patients; unilateral avascular necrosis of the femoral head (n=2), diabetes mellitus(n=1).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion Correctly diagnosing PH and giving appropriate treatment is challenging. It is unclear whether active treatment with steroids improves clinical outcomes. The serious adverse effects of steroids are also taken into account. Observation, surgery and\/or radiotherapy can be appropriate treatment modalities for selected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0919-4388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T12:00:22Z","timestamp":1561464022000},"page":"14-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Primary hypophysitis: Experience of a Single Tertiary Center"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Serdar","family":"Sahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozge Polat","family":"Korkmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hande Mefkure","family":"Ozkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tugce","family":"Apaydin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emine Sebnem","family":"Durmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University- Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozlem","family":"Haliloglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Durcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pinar","family":"Kadioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.84.201","article-title":"Review on recent topics in hypophysitis","volume":"84","author":"H Sugihara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0009","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: Hypophysitis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"179","author":"M N Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"390","article-title":"The management of hypophysitis","volume":"41","author":"Z Karaca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinologica"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2118","article-title":"Hormonal Replacement in Hypopituitarism in Adults: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"101","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02183","article-title":"Primary hypophysitis: clinical-pathological correlations","volume":"155","author":"A Gutenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rmr.0000224686.21748.ea","article-title":"Inflammatory and infectious processes involving the pituitary gland","volume":"16","author":"K M Lury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0622-5","article-title":"Hypophysitis: a single-center case series","volume":"18","author":"B S Imber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-013-0550-9","article-title":"Primary (autoimmune) hypophysitis: a single centre experience","volume":"18","author":"S Khare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"3841","article-title":"on behalf of the Pituitary Working Group of the German Society of Endocrinology. 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