{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T03:58:48Z","timestamp":1769745528892,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06\/07","funder":[{"name":"The DFG in the framework of the priority research program SPP1629","award":["SPP1629 (ZW221\/2\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SPP1629 (ZW221\/2\u20131"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD) affects 10\u201315% of the adult population worldwide and the prevalence increases as a result of longer life expectancy as well as rising obesity in the general population. Beside well established CGD risk factors including environmental and genetic determinants (LITH genes), a correlation between thyroid dysfunction and CGD has been suggested in several human and murine studies. Although the precise underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, thyroid hormones may impact bile flow, bile composition and the maintenance of the enterohepatic circulation. Further there is evidence that thyroid hormones possibly impact LITH genes which are regulated by nuclear receptors (NRs). A better understanding of the CGD pathomechanisms might contribute to personalized prevention and therapy of highly prevalent and economically significant digestive disease. This review presents the current knowledge about the association between CGD and thyroid hormone dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1033-7273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,4]],"date-time":"2019-12-04T01:09:22Z","timestamp":1575421762000},"page":"455-461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Thyroid Dysfunction and Cholesterol Gallstone Disease"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Kube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Zwanziger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0096(199901)27:1<1::AID-JCU1>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Prevalence of gallstones in sonographic surveys worldwide","volume":"27","author":"W Kratzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2012.6.2.172","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer","volume":"6","author":"L M Stinton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut and Liver"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"919","article-title":"Association between common bile duct stones and treated hypothyroidism","volume":"47","author":"J Inkinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5530","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i35.5530","article-title":"Association between thyroid function and gallstone disease","volume":"11","author":"H V\u00f6lzke","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202850","article-title":"Gallbladder motor function in patients with different thyroid hormone status","volume":"117","author":"M Cakir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102825","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/102825","article-title":"The underlying mechanisms: How hypothyroidism affects the formation of common bile duct stones- a review","volume":"2012","author":"J Laukkarinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"HPB Surgery"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.56.EP185","article-title":"It is a link between gallstone disease and pathology of thyroid gland","author":"M Wegrzyn-Bak","year":"2018","journal-title":"ECE"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12150","article-title":"Gender differences in thyroid system function: Relevance to bipolar disorder and its treatment","volume":"16","author":"M Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bipolar Disorders"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2174\/1568008054064841","article-title":"The genetic background of cholesterol gallstone formation: An inventory of human lithogenic genes","volume":"5","author":"F Lammert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"423","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: The genetic epidemiology of gallbladder stones. 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