{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:14:48Z","timestamp":1783019688560,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\nIntroduction The neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a\npotentially life-threatening condition associated to the use of\nantipsychotics. Since it requires rapid and efficient medical care,\nhigh-quality treatment guidelines should be available. In this article, we\nanalyzed and compared different international therapy guidelines for the\ntreatment of schizophrenia, in which NMS treatment recommendations might be\ncontained.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nMethods We performed an Internet-based search for schizophrenia\nguidelines via the website of the respective medical society. Guidelines in\nEnglish, French, Italian, and German from countries whose medical care meets\nhigh standards were selected for further analysis and comparison of the NMS\ntreatment recommendations (if present), and their underlying evidence.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nResults The NMS is mentioned in 12 of 14 guidelines. Only 9 report\nconcrete therapy recommendations\n(benzodiazepines\/dantrolene\/bromocriptine\/amantadine\/intensive\ncare and\/or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)), however, with high\nheterogeneity. Only 5 guidelines included all possible drug therapy options\nand ECT, but with differing combination strategies, dosages, application\nforms, and combinability of options. The level of evidence of the different\nrecommendations was estimated as low.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nDiscussion One-third of the selected guidelines do not report any NMS\ntherapy recommendations. Most guidelines mentioning the NMS do not provide\ntherapy recommendations that include all relevant treatment options. The\nresults show a very high heterogeneity, and the recommendations and\nstatements are of low-evidence levels. The lack of knowledge about the NMS\nand its treatment may delay the onset of therapy, impair the quality of\ntreatment, and lead to a worse outcome or death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1046-1044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T20:07:45Z","timestamp":1575922065000},"page":"51-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Treatment of the Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in International\nTherapy Guidelines: A Comparative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8553-8154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Sch\u00f6nfeldt-Lecuona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm,\nGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilli","family":"Kuhlwilm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm,\nGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Cronemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm,\nGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Neu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jewish Hospital Berlin,\nAcademic Teaching Hospital of the Charit\u00e9, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard J.","family":"Connemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm,\nGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Gahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm,\nGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental\nHealth (CIMH), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim,\nGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"M\u00fchlbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University of Ulm, Ulm,\nGermany"},{"name":"Agaplesion Bethesda Klinik, Geriatric Center Ulm\/Alb-Donau,\nGeriatric Department, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1046-1044.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T18:43:43Z","timestamp":1582569823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1046-1044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1046-1044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0176-3679","1439-0795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0176-3679","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-0795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]]}}}