{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T20:33:07Z","timestamp":1772656387256,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06\/07","funder":[{"name":"TFM, AS and GB","award":["DFG MU1311\/16\u20132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG MU1311\/16\u20132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pleiotropic function of thyroid hormones (TH) is mediated by an organ\n                    specific expression of thyroid hormone transporters, deiodinases and TH\n                    receptors. In a series of studies we used the model of an experimentally induced\n                    hyper- or hypothyroidism in human volunteers to delineate TH action on the\n                    brain. A battery of neuropsychological testing paradigms was employed and\n                    complemented by structural and functional multimodal neuroimaging.\n                    Experimentally induced mild thyrotoxicosis for 6 weeks was associated with\n                    changes in brain structure (determined with voxel-based morphometry), resting\n                    state functional connectivity, and task-related functional activation in a\n                    working memory paradigm. Partial withdrawal of TH replacement in patients\n                    without thyroid (subclinical hypothyroidism) likewise lead to changes on\n                    multiple functional and structural brain measures. Importantly, the series of\n                    studies reviewed here identified the cerebellum as one crucial site of\n                    action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1101-9090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:07:33Z","timestamp":1581379653000},"page":"432-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Influence of Thyroid Hormones on Brain Structure and Function in\n                    Humans"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"G\u00f6bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"G\u00f6ttlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Reinwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berenike","family":"Rogge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan-Christoph","family":"Uter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Heldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck,\n                    Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology II, University of L\u00fcbeck,\n                    L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Brabant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, University of L\u00fcbeck,\n                    L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"M\u00fcnte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of L\u00fcbeck, L\u00fcbeck,\n                    Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology II, University of L\u00fcbeck,\n                    L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0424","article-title":"Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function","volume":"3","author":"J Bernal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0161552","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161552","article-title":"Effect of mild thyrotoxicosis on performance and brain activations in a working\n                    memory task","volume":"11","author":"A G\u00f6bel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12446","article-title":"Mild thyrotoxicosis leads to brain perfusion changes: An arterial spin labelling\n                study","author":"A G\u00f6bel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.03.009","article-title":"Experimentally induced thyrotoxicosis leads to increased connectivity in\n                    temporal lobe structures: A resting state fMRI study","volume":"56","author":"M G\u00f6ttlich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"S 01","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000398793","article-title":"Effect of experimental thyrotoxicosis on brain gray matter: A voxel-based\n                    morphometry study","volume":"4","author":"A G\u00f6bel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250152039145","article-title":"Alterations of cognitive functions induced by exogenous application of thyroid\n                    hormones in healthy men: A double-blind cross-over study using event-related\n                    brain potentials","volume":"11","author":"T F M\u00fcnte","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10747-7","article-title":"Changes in resting-state cerebral activity in patients with hyperthyroidism: A\n                    short-term follow-up functional mr imaging study","volume":"7","author":"B Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.09.019","article-title":"Grey matter abnormalities in untreated hyperthyroidism: A voxel-based\n                    morphometry study using the DARTEL approach","volume":"83","author":"W Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12707","article-title":"Partial withdrawal of levothyroxine treated disease leads to brain activations\n                    and effects on performance in a working memory task: A pilot study","author":"A G\u00f6bel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.12.012","article-title":"Experimentally induced subclinical hypothyroidism causes decreased functional\n                    connectivity of the cuneus: A resting state fMRI study","volume":"102","author":"A G\u00f6bel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2003.12.001","article-title":"Cognitive changes in short-term hypothyroidism assessed with event-related brain\n                    potentials","volume":"29","author":"T F M\u00fcnte","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with mild hypothyroidism","volume":"45","author":"Y Krausz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984562","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow abnormalities induced by transient hypothyroidism after\n                    thyroidectomy--analysis by tc-99m-HMPAO and SPM96","volume":"18","author":"S Nagamachi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000375298","article-title":"Evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer\u02bcs disease patients with\n                    subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"39","author":"M Haji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12282","article-title":"Alterations of functional connectivity among resting-state networks in\n                    hypothyroidism","volume":"27","author":"S Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12001","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometric analysis in hypothyroidism using diffeomorphic anatomic\n                    registration via an exponentiated lie algebra algorithm approach","volume":"25","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.086","article-title":"Maze training in mice induces MRI-detectable brain shape changes specific to the\n                    type of learning","volume":"54","author":"J P Lerch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.10.014","article-title":"Reduced hippocampus volume in the mouse model of posttraumatic stress\n                    disorder","volume":"45","author":"Y Golub","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.010","article-title":"In vivo voxel based morphometry: Detection of increased hippocampal volume and\n                    decreased glutamate levels in exercising mice","volume":"61","author":"S Biedermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8582","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry predicts shifts in dendritic spine density and\n                    morphology with auditory fear conditioning","volume":"6","author":"O P Keifer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj138","article-title":"Structural brain alterations following 5 days of intervention: Dynamic aspects\n                    of neuroplasticity","volume":"17","author":"A May","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611721104","article-title":"An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate\n                    gyrus","volume":"104","author":"A C Pereira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4501","article-title":"Studying neuroanatomy using MRI","volume":"20","author":"J P Lerch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"94","article-title":"The role of thyroid hormones in prenatal and neonatal neurological\n                    development--current perspectives","volume":"14","author":"S P Porterfield","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062413299","article-title":"Deletion of the thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 prevents the structural\n                    alterations of the cerebellum induced by hypothyroidism","volume":"99","author":"B Morte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103226","article-title":"Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia are primary targets of the TR\u03b11 thyroid\n                    hormone receptor during mouse cerebellum postnatal development","volume":"141","author":"T Fauquier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.10.001","article-title":"Thyroid hormone- and estrogen receptor interactions with natural ligands and\n                    endocrine disruptors in the cerebellum","volume":"48","author":"A Zsarnovszky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30703","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030703","article-title":"Genome-wide search reveals the existence of a limited number of thyroid hormone\n                    receptor alpha target genes in cerebellar neurons","volume":"7","author":"F Chatonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00327-7","article-title":"Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring\n                    IQ and brain morphology in childhood: A population-based prospective cohort\n                    study","volume":"4","author":"T I Korevaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00430","article-title":"On the existence of a generalized non-specific task-dependent network","volume":"9","author":"K Hugdahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum 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