{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T04:26:53Z","timestamp":1786249613231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coexistence of aldosterone oversecretion and obstructive sleep apnea is frequently observed, especially in patients with resistant hypertension, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Since aldosterone excess and sleep apnea are both independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, to investigate whether their coexistence might be attributed to common predisposing conditions, such as metabolic disorders, or to an actual pathophysiological interconnection appears of great importance. Fluid overload and metabolic abnormalities relating to aldosterone oversecretion may be implicated in obstructive sleep apnea development. Nocturnal intermittent hypoxia may in turn exacerbate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, thus leading to hyperaldosteronism. Furthermore, fat tissue excess and adipocyte secretory products might predispose to both sleep apnea and aldosterone oversecretion in subjects with obesity. Consistent with these evidences, obstructive sleep apnea frequently affects patients with primary aldosteronism. Conversely, whether primary aldosteronism is more prevalent in individuals affected by obstructive sleep apnea compared to the general population remains controversial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1133-7255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T23:40:52Z","timestamp":1585352452000},"page":"366-372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Primary Aldosteronism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Casual Association or Pathophysiological Link?"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Pecori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Buffolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Pieroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Forestiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Sconfienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Veglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-1116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Mulatero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Monticone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine 4 and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2008.02.004","article-title":"Sleep apnea, aldosterone, and resistant hypertension","volume":"51","author":"E Pimenta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11170","article-title":"Beyond resistant hypertension","volume":"72","author":"M-A Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000040261.30455.B6","article-title":"Hyperaldosteronism among black and white subjects with resistant hypertension","volume":"40","author":"D A Calhoun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.068064","article-title":"Incidence and prognosis of resistant hypertension in hypertensive patients","volume":"125","author":"S L Daugherty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.1.112","article-title":"Aldosterone excretion among subjects with resistant hypertension and symptoms of sleep apnea","volume":"125","author":"D A Calhoun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320310366581","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with sleep apnoea: Prevalence of primary aldosteronism","volume":"11","author":"A Di Murro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Renin Angiot Aldoster Syst"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","article-title":"The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"101","author":"J W Funder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-122887","article-title":"Primary Aldosteronism and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Is this a Bidirectional Relationship?","volume":"49","author":"A Prejbisz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.175083","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Familial Hyperaldosteronism","volume":"58","author":"P Mulatero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30319-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"S Monticone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002216","article-title":"Renal damage in primary aldosteronism: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"S Monticone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.052","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice","volume":"69","author":"S Monticone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.059","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1125 hypertensive patients","volume":"48","author":"G P Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13833","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism and obstructive sleep apnea: a cross-sectional multi-ethnic study","volume":"74","author":"F Buffolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189420","article-title":"Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: An American Heart Association\/american College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. In collaboration with the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center on Sleep Disorders Research (National Institutes of Health)","volume":"118","author":"V K Somers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3418","article-title":"Association between treated and untreated obstructive sleep apnea and risk of hypertension","volume":"307","author":"J M Marin","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005113421901","article-title":"Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension","volume":"342","author":"P E Peppard","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy339","article-title":"2018 ESC\/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension","volume":"39","author":"B Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71141-7","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study","volume":"365","author":"J M Marin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.062190","article-title":"Sleep disturbances: time to join the top 10 potentially modifiable cardiovascular risk factors?","volume":"124","author":"S Redline","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"610","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of sudden cardiac death: A longitudinal study of 10\u2009701 adults","volume":"62","author":"A S Gami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"C V Senaratna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00043-0","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the HypnoLaus study","volume":"3","author":"R Heinzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Resp Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.05.045","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: A cardiometabolic risk in obesity and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"62","author":"L F Drager","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45241","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45241","article-title":"Association of aldosterone excess and apnea-hypopnea index in patients with resistant hypertension","volume":"7","author":"X Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2010.00839.x","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and 24-h blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension","volume":"19","author":"P Lloberes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283492219","article-title":"Positive relationship of sleep apnea to hyperaldosteronism in an ethnically diverse population","volume":"29","author":"J J Sim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2013.32","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of patients with resistant hypertension: the RESIST-POL study","volume":"27","author":"E Florczak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2017.28","article-title":"Treatment of primary aldosteronism is associated with a reduction in the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"31","author":"M J Wolley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"877","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic Differences in Sleep Disturbances: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"38","author":"X Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1.62","article-title":"A community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese men in Hong Kong","volume":"119","author":"M S Ip","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.1.127","article-title":"A community study of sleep-disordered breathing in middle-aged Chinese women in Hong Kong: prevalence and gender differences","volume":"125","author":"M S Ip","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10238","article-title":"Consensus Document on Improving Hypertension Management in Asian Patients, Taking Into Account Asian Characteristics","volume":"71","author":"K Kario","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-016-0447-4","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and gender-specific differences of obstructive sleep apnea in a Chinese hypertensive population: A cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"A Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.152.6.8520760","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing in African-American elderly","volume":"152","author":"S Ancoli-Israel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.1.9001310","article-title":"Racial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians","volume":"155","author":"S Redline","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2012.83","article-title":"Plasma levels of prorenin and renin in blacks and whites: their relative abundance and associations with plasma aldosterone concentration","volume":"25","author":"W Tu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.01.002","article-title":"Validity of Plasma Aldosterone-to-Renin Activity Ratio in African American and White Subjects With Resistant Hypertension","volume":"18","author":"M K Nishizaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036675","article-title":"Association between sleep apnea and blood pressure control among blacks","volume":"139","author":"D A Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2015.15","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"29","author":"C Gonzaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"13","article-title":"Impaired aldosterone response to the saline infusion test in patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"M Soltysiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nadcisn Tetn"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1311-y","article-title":"Does continuous positive airway pressure reduce aldosterone levels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea?","volume":"20","author":"S-j Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)03267-3","article-title":"Abnormal vasoactive hormones and 24-hour blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"16","author":"D S Moller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519868337","article-title":"Changes of aldosterone levels in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome before and after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"47","author":"J Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001254","article-title":"Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on aldosterone excretion in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and resistant hypertension: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"F de Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701261","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01261-2017","article-title":"The effect of treatment for sleep apnoea on determinants of blood pressure control","volume":"50","author":"R Casitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Resp J"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201602-126OC","article-title":"Neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses to losartan and continuous positive airway pressure in patients with hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. a randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"E Thunstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thor Soc"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.07.008","article-title":"Targeting volume overload and overnight rostral fluid shift: A new perspective to treat sleep apnea","volume":"42","author":"E Perger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000047","article-title":"Effect of intensified diuretic therapy on overnight rostral fluid shift and obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with uncontrolled hypertension","volume":"32","author":"T Kasai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2011.47","article-title":"Resistant hypertension, obstructive sleep apnoea and aldosterone","volume":"26","author":"T Dudenbostel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"333","article-title":"Meta-analysis of effects of obstructive sleep apnea on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"13","author":"Z N Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Geriat Cardiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu023","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with resistant hypertension","volume":"27","author":"E S Muxfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-1442","article-title":"Plasma aldosterone is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in subjects with resistant hypertension","volume":"131","author":"M N Pratt-Ubunama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27878","article-title":"Severity of obstructive sleep apnea is related to aldosterone status in subjects with resistant hypertension","volume":"6","author":"C C Gonzaga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0802","article-title":"Increased dietary sodium is related to severity of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with resistant hypertension and hyperaldosteronism","volume":"143","author":"E Pimenta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2009.96","article-title":"Spironolactone reduces severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with resistant hypertension: A preliminary report","volume":"24","author":"K Gaddam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.3410","article-title":"Effect of eplerenone on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and arterial stiffness in patients with resistant arterial hypertension","volume":"126","author":"B Krasinska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol Arch Med Wewnet"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3109\/10641963.2015.1131290","article-title":"Effect of spironolactone on patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"38","author":"L Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1067","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01131.2007","article-title":"Aldosterone acts centrally to increase brain renin-angiotensin system activity and oxidative stress in normal rats. American Journal of Physiology","volume":"294","author":"Z H Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart Circul Physiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295409","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: Who should be screened?","volume":"44","author":"S Monticone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.5.2103001","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with insulin resistance. Am J Resp","volume":"165","author":"M S Ip","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2012.36.4.268","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and abnormal glucose metabolism","volume":"36","author":"N H Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.05.009","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and diabetes: A state of the art review","volume":"152","author":"S Reutrakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084362","article-title":"Relationship between aldosterone and the metabolic syndrome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome: Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment","volume":"9","author":"A Barcelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814583","article-title":"Mechanisms of obesity-related hypertension","volume":"36","author":"V Lamounier-Zepter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90845-3","article-title":"Role for aldosterone in blood pressure regulation of obese adolescents","volume":"57","author":"A P Rocchini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000154361.47683.d3","article-title":"Weight loss and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system","volume":"45","author":"S Engeli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.07806","article-title":"Body mass index predicts 24-hour urinary aldosterone levels in patients with resistant hypertension","volume":"68","author":"T Dudenbostel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Body mass index predicts aldosterone production in hypertensive postmenopausal women","author":"L Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0457fje","article-title":"Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation","volume":"15","author":"F Massiera","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-008-0042-x","article-title":"Obesity, sleep apnea, aldosterone, and hypertension","volume":"10","author":"T L Goodfriend","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336140100","article-title":"Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors","volume":"100","author":"M Ehrhart-Bornstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-9412com","article-title":"A novel adipokine CTRP1 stimulates aldosterone production","volume":"22","author":"J H Jeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F7","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0160","article-title":"Obesity, hypertension and aldosterone: Is leptin the link?","volume":"230","author":"D Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018226","article-title":"Adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a direct regulator of aldosterone secretion, which promotes endothelial dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis","volume":"132","author":"A C Huby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09980","article-title":"Sex differences in mechanisms of hypertension associated with obesity","volume":"71","author":"J L Faulkner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001292","article-title":"Serum leptin levels in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism before and after treatment: Relationships to insulin sensitivity","volume":"16","author":"M Haluzik","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-978789","article-title":"Leptin levels are suppressed in primary aldosteronism","volume":"31","author":"D J Torpy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4456","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00866","article-title":"Obesity as a key factor underlying idiopathic hyperaldosteronism","volume":"103","author":"Y Ohno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00187","article-title":"Relationship Between Visceral Fat and Plasma Aldosterone Concentration in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism","volume":"2","author":"Y Shibayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2011.173","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system in obesity-related hypertension: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"35","author":"G Z Kalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1733","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary aldosteronism","volume":"91","author":"F Fallo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.02.003","article-title":"Links between aldosterone excess and metabolic complications: A comprehensive review","volume":"46","author":"C Bothou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001550","article-title":"The impact of Connshing\u02bcs syndrome - mild cortisol excess in primary aldosteronism drives diabetes risk","volume":"35","author":"F Beuschlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"e93136","article-title":"Steroid metabolome analysis reveals prevalent glucocorticoid excess in primary aldosteronism","volume":"2","author":"W Arlt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest Insight"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00299","article-title":"Impaired glucose metabolism in primary aldosteronism is associated with cortisol cosecretion","volume":"104","author":"J Gerards","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2743","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of patients with aldosteronism associated with autonomous cortisol secretion","volume":"96","author":"Y Nakajima","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1133-7255.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:27:33Z","timestamp":1722644853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1133-7255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1133-7255","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]}}}