{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:09:16Z","timestamp":1789517356124,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"03","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\nPurpose To present a systematic review of the presence and severity of neuropsychological impairment in the six main neuropsychological domains (attention, executive function, language, visuospatial processing, intelligence, and memory) in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease (CD) and\/or Cushing\u2019s Syndrome (CS) at various stages of the illness. The work aims to identify neuropsychological leverage points for focused diagnosis and rehabilitation in CS\/CD patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nMethods A pubmed literature search was performed and augmented by searching the reference lists of review articles identified by this search strategy. After excluding irrelevant hits, we systematically extracted data from 27 studies for each main neuropsychological domain, differentiating between active disease, short- and long-term remission.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nResults The literature gives evidence for neuropsychological impairment in all domains in Cushing patients with active disease. The most consistent impairments concerned memory and visuo-spatial processing, whereas the data are discordant for all other domains. Significant improvement of neuropsychological function \u2013 although not returning to normal in all domains \u2013 is shown in short-term and long-term remission of the disease. However, the published literature is thin, suffering from repetitive subsample analyses publishing, methodological concerns as lack of control for confounders such as depression.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\nConclusions Memory is the most extensively investigated domain in CS\/CD patients and impairment is most prominent in active disease. Patients should be counseled that neuropsychological function will improve with normalization of hypercortisolism and over time. More studies with more stringent methodological criteria, larger patient samples and controlling for confounders are required to enhance our understanding of neuropsychological function in patients with CS\/CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1247-4651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T23:04:16Z","timestamp":1601420656000},"page":"194-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neuropsychological Functioning in Patients with Cushing\u2019s Disease and Cushing\u2019s Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Sonja","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cedric Fabian","family":"Kirstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Grzywotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd Otto","family":"H\u00fctter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten Henning","family":"Wrede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Kuhna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Oldenburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilonka","family":"Kreitschmann-Andermahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-14-0766","article-title":"From first symptoms to final diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s disease: Experiences of 176 patients","volume":"172","author":"I Kreitschmann-Andermahr","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-11-0272","article-title":"The European Registry on Cushing\u2019s syndrome: 2-year experience. 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