{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:15:19Z","timestamp":1789013719238,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone in adults as well as in children. Previous studies have reported a wide range of fracture incidences. Scaphoid fractures and non-unions in children have been sparsely investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Aim To perform a systematic review of the current literature on epidemiology of scaphoid fractures and non-unions in adults and children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods An electronic literature search was conducted investigating all studies in the literature published between January 1989 and June 23 2020.\u2005The systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines and searching in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane library databases was done in June 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results 42 studies met our inclusion criteria, 6 studies were prospective, 32 were retrospective and 4 were register studies. The majority of studies relied on conventional radiographs for diagnosis. Scaphoid fractures in adults are predominately found in males with a peak incidence in the age group from 20 to 29\u2005years. Incidence rates in males are reported from 107 to 151\/100\u2005000. Females have an earlier peak, in the age group 10 to 19\u2005years, with an incidence from 14 to 46\/100\u2005000. Most fractures occur in the middle third of the scaphoid representing 60\u201369\u2005% of cases. Scaphoid fractures in children are predominately found in boys age 12 and above, while it seldomly occur for children younger than 9\u2005years. In adults the risk for developing a scaphoid non-union is between 2\u2005% and 5\u2005%, the majority affecting males and predominately located at the middle third of the scaphoid. Non-unions among children are rare and mainly due to missed or delayed diagnosis of a fracture in the middle third of the scaphoid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion This review revealed a substantial heterogeneity among studies concerning study population, diagnosis criterial and outcome measures. Currently, evidence on epidemiology for scaphoid fractures and non-unions are low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1250-8190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T18:35:12Z","timestamp":1601404512000},"page":"374-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Epidemiology of scaphoid fractures and non-unions: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"J\u00f8rgsholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00f8lholm Private Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ossowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine \u2013 Hand Surgery, Lund University and Skane University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine \u2013 Hand Surgery, Lund University and Skane University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Bj\u00f6rkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine \u2013 Hand Surgery, Lund University and Skane University Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Hand Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891\u2013017\u20131596-z","article-title":"Epidemiology and time trends of distal forearm fractures in adults \u2013 a study of 11.2 million person-years in Sweden","volume":"18","author":"D Jerrhag","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2016.1152855","article-title":"Increasing wrist fracture rates in children may have major implications for future adult fracture burden","volume":"87","author":"D Jerrhag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0000000000000013","article-title":"Ligamentous sports injuries of the hand and wrist","volume":"22","author":"W B Geissler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018\u2013019\u20131248\u20130","article-title":"Hand fracture epidemiology and etiology in children-time trends in Malm\u00f6, Sweden, during six decades","volume":"14","author":"V Lempesis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/02844319950159145","article-title":"Epidemiology of scaphoid fractures in Bergen, Norway","volume":"33","author":"L M Hove","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.2016.1210940","article-title":"MRI shows a high incidence of carpal fractures in children with posttraumatic radial-sided wrist tenderness","volume":"87","author":"P Jorgsholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.01729","article-title":"Scaphoid fractures in children and adolescents: contemporary injury patterns and factors influencing time to union","volume":"93","author":"J J Gholson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.29.2.237","article-title":"Onsets, completions and spans of ossification in the 29 bonegrowth centers of the hand and wrist","volume":"29","author":"H C Stuart","year":"1962","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358009004719","article-title":"Skeletal stages of the hand and wrist as indicators of the pubertal growth spurt","volume":"38","author":"U Hagg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218810412500268","article-title":"Scaphoid non-unions, where do they come from? 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