{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T14:16:39Z","timestamp":1758636999196},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Childhood uveitis is an ophthalmological challenge, since on the one hand it often remains asymptomatic and difficult to detect, and on the other hand it often has a chronic course and is associated with a high risk of complications threatening the vision. The most important risk factors for childhood uveitis are underlying rheumatic diseases; recommendations for ophthalmological monitoring have been developed together with paediatric rheumatologists. Intermediate and posterior uveitis are rare in children. The therapy must effectively control inflammation and at the same time cause only minimal side effects. Since steroids in particular cause side effects frequently, an immunosuppressive therapy must be initiated early in an interdisciplinary cooperation with paediatric rheumatologists and parents with the goal of minimising steroids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1252-5281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T23:50:06Z","timestamp":1602805806000},"page":"1177-1186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Childhood Uveitis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"237","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Thurau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augenklinik, Klinikum der LMU M\u00fcnchen, M\u00fcnchen, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802702561","article-title":"Uveitis in childhood: an Italian clinical and epidemiological study","volume":"17","author":"M P Paroli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.057","article-title":"Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop","volume":"140","author":"D A Jabs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.11.004","article-title":"Update of the evidence based, interdisciplinary guideline for anti-inflammatory treatment of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"49","author":"A Heiligenhaus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000501","article-title":"What is new in paediatric uveitis?","volume":"29","author":"K C LaMattina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"390","article-title":"International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001","volume":"31","author":"R E Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1672195","article-title":"Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography findings in uveitic cystoid macular edema","volume":"27","author":"S Khochtali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1420203","article-title":"Complications in intermediate uveitis: prevalence, time of onset, and effects on vision in short-term and long-term follow-up","volume":"27","author":"L Sancho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S83950","article-title":"Causes of uveitis in children without juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"9","author":"S B Engelhard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-019-04300-0","article-title":"Adalimumab in the treatment of pediatric Behcet\u02bcs disease: case-based review","volume":"39","author":"D Poddighe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1206204","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of interferon in severe uveitis associated with Beh\u00e7et disease","volume":"25","author":"E Diwo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem199","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of interferon-alpha in the treatment of corticodependent uveitis of paediatric Behcet\u02bcs disease","volume":"46","author":"S Guillaume-Czitrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000933","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-000933","article-title":"Chronic and recurrent non-infectious paediatric-onset uveitis: a French cohort","volume":"5","author":"G Morelle","year":"2019","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.05.002","article-title":"Epidemiology and course of disease in childhood uveitis","volume":"116","author":"J A Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00817-X","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of leukemia. Leukemic infiltration versus infectious process","volume":"108","author":"K B Gordon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-14","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of adalimumab in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis (SYCAMORE Trial)","volume":"15","author":"A V Ramanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39940","article-title":"Anti-interleukin-6 receptor tocilizumab for severe juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: A multicenter study of twenty-five patients","volume":"69","author":"V Calvo-R\u00edo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160231","article-title":"Evidence for tocilizumab as a treatment option in refractory uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"43","author":"C Tappeiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1170-3","article-title":"Comparison of treatment response, remission rate and drug adherence in polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients treated with etanercept, adalimumab or tocilizumab","volume":"18","author":"G Horneff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-013-2436-y","article-title":"Tocilizumab treatment for refractory uveitis-related cystoid macular edema","volume":"251","author":"A Adan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.12.019","article-title":"Anti-IL6-receptor tocilizumab in refractory and noninfectious uveitic cystoid macular edema: Multicenter study of 25 patients","volume":"200","author":"N Vegas-Revenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker107","article-title":"Treatment of severe uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab)","volume":"50","author":"A Heiligenhaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"936","article-title":"Temporal change in prevalence and complications of uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: data from a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective nationwide study","volume":"33","author":"C Tappeiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.339","article-title":"Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis","volume":"129","author":"C Lowder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1086031","article-title":"TNFalpha-blocking agents or conventional immunosuppressive drugs in the therapy of children with uveitis? \u2013 An\u00a0evidence based approach","volume":"220","author":"S Winterhalter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Klin Padiatr"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.08.007","article-title":"Immunosuppression for the uveitides","volume":"125","author":"D A Jabs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2010.495814","article-title":"Optic neuritis associated with adalimumab in the treatment of uveitis","volume":"18","author":"S Y Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0984-1","article-title":"Optimising drug therapy for non-infectious uveitis","volume":"39","author":"M A Shahab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.11.014","article-title":"Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) for the treatment of pediatric uveitis","volume":"18","author":"M L Bratton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20140429-01","article-title":"Cystoid macular edema associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis resolved by a dexamethasone intravitreal implant","volume":"51","author":"Y Totan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-123650","article-title":"Macular edema in childhood uveitis","volume":"235","author":"J G Garweg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2011.02110.x","article-title":"Favourable outcome after cataract surgery with IOL implantation in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"90","author":"R S Grajewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-015-0018-8","article-title":"Characteristics of a cohort of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and JIA-associated uveitis","volume":"13","author":"S T Angeles-Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3340-z","article-title":"Ocular morbidities of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis in adulthood: results from a tertiary center study","volume":"254","author":"M Oray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1139-5","article-title":"Patterns of uveitis in children according to age: comparison of visual outcomes and complications in a tertiary center","volume":"19","author":"C Al-Haddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181d14288","article-title":"Phototherapeutic keratectomy in pediatric patients in India","volume":"29","author":"V M Rathi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.02.023","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of cataract in children with uveitis","volume":"177","author":"T Blum-Hareuveni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.06.026","article-title":"Risk of hypotony in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"169","author":"A Moradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.12.003","article-title":"Risk of cataract development among children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-related uveitis treated with topical corticosteroids","volume":"117","author":"J E Thorne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_846_18","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of cataract surgery in children with uveitis","volume":"67","author":"S Yangzes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118799623","article-title":"Long-term results after primary intraocular lens implantation in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"29","author":"U Kulik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_713_18","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of dexamethasone implant along with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis","volume":"67","author":"J Jinagal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.06.041","article-title":"The risk of intraocular pressure elevation in pediatric noninfectious uveitis","volume":"122","author":"S Kothari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1411517","article-title":"Glaucoma secondary to uveitis in children in a tertiary care referral center","volume":"27","author":"N Gautam Seth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Effects of topical antiglaucoma eye drops on prostaglandin E(2)-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits","volume":"43","author":"Y Hayasaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00071-3","article-title":"Anterior uveitis associated with latanoprost","volume":"126","author":"R D Fechtner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1076\/soph.17.3.181.14789","article-title":"Cystoid macular edema in aphakia and pseudophakia after use of prostaglandin analogs","volume":"17","author":"D L Halpern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2015.1088041","article-title":"Changes in inflammatory activity after glaucoma filtration surgery in children with chronic anterior uveitis","volume":"24","author":"C Wiese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.09.018","article-title":"Ocular hypotony in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis","volume":"173","author":"M R B\u00f6hm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2011.647228","article-title":"Hypotony in patients with uveitis: The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) trial","volume":"20","author":"H N Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.04.031","article-title":"Incidence rates and risk factors for ocular complications and vision loss in HLA-B27-associated uveitis","volume":"150","author":"A R Loh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-200004000-00014","article-title":"Appraisal and management of ocular hypotony and glaucoma associated with uveitis","volume":"40","author":"V T Tran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.02.011","article-title":"Visual and clinical outcome of macular edema complicating pediatric noninfectious uveitis","volume":"202","author":"M Eiger-Moscovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-019-0383-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of long-term infliximab use and impact of treatment adherence on disease control in refractory, non-infectious pediatric uveitis","volume":"17","author":"V Miraldi Utz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"}],"container-title":["Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1252-5281.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T14:14:28Z","timestamp":1669212868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1252-5281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1252-5281","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-2165","1439-3999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0023-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3999","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}}}