{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T06:43:33Z","timestamp":1775976213952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Introduction Little has been published about the choroidal vascular changes that occur years after radiation exposure. The aim of this study was to review the histological changes observed in the choroidal vasculature following radiotherapy for uveal melanoma.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods Records from a single institution were retrospectively reviewed from June 7, 2007 to June 7, 2017; 101 patients with a diagnosis of uveal melanoma that underwent enucleation had their records reviewed. Out of these, a total of 26 eyes had undergone plaque brachytherapy prior to enucleation, which had been performed at a mean time of 7.2 years (range from 0 years to 30 years) after the initial plaque placement. A histopathologic analysis was conducted on all 26 eyes with special emphasis on the choroidal changes. Of these 26 eyes, 18 demonstrated evidence of radiation-induced vasculopathy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results Of the 18 eyes, 10\/18 (55%) had radiation retinopathy and 16\/18 (89%) had radiation choroidal vasculopathy. One patient had a phthisical eye, and the choroid could not be evaluated because the characteristics of the vasculature could not be determined. Nine cases had vitreous hemorrhage (50%), all cases had radiation retinopathy, and 8\/9 (89%) had radiation choroidopathy. Of the 16 cases with radiation choroidal vasculopathy, 3\/16 (19%) had only intratumoral radiation choroidal vasculopathy, 3\/16 (19%) had only extratumoral radiation choroidal vasculopathy, and, thus, 10\/16 (32%) had both intratumoral and extratumoral radiation choroidal vasculopathy. In patients with radiation choroidal vasculopathy, 2\/16 (13%) had hyalinization of the choroidal vessels. Another 3\/16 (19%) cases with radiation choroidal vasculopathy had ectatic vessels. The other 11\/16 (68%) had evidence of both hyalinization of the choroidal vessels as well as ectatic vessels in the\n\t\t\t\t\tchoroid. Histological evidence of radiation retinopathy and choroidopathy were seen in 69% of eyes enucleated after receiving radiation therapy, which, in some cases, also had vitreous hemorrhage. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, choroidal neovascularization, and retinal choroidal anastomoses (RAP-type lesions) were seen in 12 of the 16 eyes (75%).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Discussion\/Conclusion Irradiation of malignant tumors of the eye causes not only radiation retinopathy but also radiation choroidopathy. The role of radiation choroidopathy in the subsequent visual loss following radiotherapy and the role of anti-VEGF therapy needs to be recognized and distinguished from radiation retinopathy. Our data adds to the prior limited knowledge that radiation affects the choroid and can induce specific phenotypes similar to the clinical spectrum of CNV, PCV, and RAP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1275-0626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]],"date-time":"2021-02-22T23:59:16Z","timestamp":1614038356000},"page":"584-590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Histologic Findings of Choroidal Vasculopathy in Eyes Enucleated following Radiation Therapy for Uveal Melanoma: Radiation Choroidopathy"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Platt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology and Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diva R.","family":"Salomao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology and Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States"},{"name":"Department of Translational Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070110084030","article-title":"Accuracy of diagnosis of choroidal melanomas in the Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study. COMS report no. 1","volume":"108","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.119.7.969","article-title":"The COMS randomized trial of iodine 125 brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma, III: initial mortality findings. COMS Report No.\u200918","volume":"119","author":"M Diener-West","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.5.609","article-title":"Radiation retinopathy following plaque radiotherapy for posterior uveal melanoma","volume":"117","author":"K G\u00fcnd\u00fcz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2007.50","article-title":"Histopathologic characteristics of choroidal melanoma in eyes enucleated after iodine 125 brachytherapy in the collaborative ocular melanoma study","volume":"126","author":"R B Avery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210601600426","article-title":"Late effect of external eye irradiation on choroidal circulation","volume":"16","author":"E 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Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"62","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for radiation retinopathy","volume":"November\/December:","author":"S Houston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina Today"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30450-8","article-title":"The effect of external eye irradiation on choroidal circulation","volume":"103","author":"E Midena","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.64.9.660","article-title":"Posterior ocular abnormalities after irradiation for retinoblastoma: a histopathological study","volume":"64","author":"P R Egbert","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.187","article-title":"Radiation choroidal vasculopathy: an indocyanine green angiography study","volume":"9 (Pt 6)","author":"W M 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