{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:41:08Z","timestamp":1788349268326,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","funder":[{"name":"Dr. Willmar Schwabe\n                        Pharmaceuticals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background Silexan, a special essential oil from flowering tops of\n                        lavandula angustifolia, is used to treat subsyndromal anxiety disorders. In\n                        a recent clinical trial, Silexan also showed antidepressant effects in\n                        patients suffering from mixed anxiety-depression (ICD-10 F41.2). Since\n                        preclinical data explaining antidepressant properties of Silexan are\n                        missing, we decided to investigate if Silexan also shows antidepressant-like\n                        effects in vitro as well as in vivo models.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods We used the forced swimming test (FST) in rats as a simple\n                        behavioral test indicative of antidepressant activity in vivo. As\n                        environmental events and other risk factors contribute to depression through\n                        converging molecular and cellular mechanisms that disrupt neuronal function\n                        and morphology\u2014resulting in dysfunction of the circuitry that is\n                        essential for mood regulation and cognitive function\u2014we investigated\n                        the neurotrophic properties of Silexan in neuronal cell lines and primary\n                        hippocampal neurons.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results The antidepressant activity of Silexan\n                        (30\u2009mg\/kg BW) in the FST was comparable to the tricyclic\n                        antidepressant imipramine (20\u2009mg\/kg BW) after 9-day\n                        treatment. Silexan triggered neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in 2\n                        different neuronal cell models and led to a significant increase in\n                        synaptogenesis in primary hippocampal neurons. Silexan led to a significant\n                        phosphorylation of protein kinase A and subsequent CREB phosphorylation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion Taken together, Silexan demonstrates antidepressant-like\n                        effects in cellular as well as animal models for antidepressant activity.\n                        Therefore, our data provides preclinical evidence for the clinical\n                        antidepressant effects of Silexan in patients with mixed depression and\n                        anxiety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1293-8585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:30:48Z","timestamp":1606782648000},"page":"37-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Neurotrophic Properties of Silexan, an Essential Oil from the Flowers\n                    of Lavender-Preclinical Evidence for Antidepressant-Like\n                    Properties"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Kristina","family":"Friedland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical\n                    Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Silani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Schuwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Stockburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egon","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Research, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals, Karlsruhe,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"N\u00f6ldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Research, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals, Karlsruhe,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter E.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Biocenter, Goethe-University Frankfurt,\n                    Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0164-2","article-title":"Characterization of anxiolytic and neuropharmacological activities of\n                    Silexan","volume":"163","author":"V Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059998","article-title":"Lavender oil-potent anxiolytic properties via modulating voltage dependent\n                    calcium channels","volume":"8","author":"A M Schuwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pharmacological basis of the therapeutical use of Silexan (Lasea)","volume":"22","author":"W E M\u00fcller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychopharmakotherapie"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1331046","article-title":"Silexan in anxiety disorders: Clinical data and pharmacological background","volume":"19","author":"S Kasper","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-010-0845-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of silexan, a new, orally administered lavender oil\n                    preparation, in subthreshold anxiety disorder - 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