{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:45:40Z","timestamp":1783183540984,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"06","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Rofo"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Background\u2002Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common detectable cause of secondary hypertension. The majority of patients have either an adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) demanding different therapeutic approaches. Screening tests and imaging cannot reliably distinguish between a unilateral or bilateral PA.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Methods\u2002This review article gives an overview concerning etiology, diagnostics, and therapeutic options of PA, and reviews the indication, the technique, and relevance of selective adrenal venous sampling (AVS) in the context of the current literature and the authors\u2019 experience.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Results\u2002AVS can verify or exclude a unilaterally dominated secretion with a high success rate. Patients with PA and a unilateral APA can be treated curatively by adrenalectomy.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Conclusions\u2002AVS is an established diagnostic examination for differentiation of unilateral from bilateral adrenal disease in patients with PA.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Key Points:\n          <\/jats:p><jats:p>\n            Citation Format\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1299-1878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:22:23Z","timestamp":1608164543000},"page":"658-666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Update: Selective adrenal venous sampling (AVS) \u2013 Indication, technique, and significance"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Loberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of\u00a0Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Antoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of\u00a0Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Stegbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Dringenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Specific Endocrinology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Steuwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of\u00a0Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcnter","family":"F\u00fcrst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of\u00a0Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Specific Endocrinology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Christian","family":"Rump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich\u2010Heine\u2010University D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7476-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Schimm\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Department of\u00a0Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Dusseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.07.059","article-title":"A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1125 hypertensive patients","volume":"48","author":"G P Rossi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60834-X","article-title":"Prevalence of primary hyperaldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a retrospective observational study","volume":"371","author":"S Douma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02775.x","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome","volume":"66","author":"W F Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0978","article-title":"Primary Hyperaldosteronism: key characteristics at diagnosis: a trend toward milder forms","volume":"178","author":"D A Heinrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000546","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism and its various clinical scenarios","volume":"33","author":"N Martell-Claros","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","article-title":"The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"101","author":"J W Funder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1565124","article-title":"Cardiovasc. Risk in Primary Hyperaldosteronism","volume":"47","author":"A Prejbisz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000281","article-title":"Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Cardiovasc. Risk, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"28","author":"P R Pillai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1147","article-title":"AME position statement on adrenal incidentaloma","volume":"164","author":"M Terzolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02091-9","article-title":"Synchronous bilateral adrenalectomy in ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism: predictors, biomarkers and outcomes","volume":"66","author":"S Chiloiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-010-1313-5","article-title":"Aldosteron und Hypertonie","volume":"122","author":"O Vonend","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wien klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10197","article-title":"Confirmatory Tests for the Diagnosis of Primary Hyperaldosteronism: A Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Chonquing Primary Aldosteronism Study (CONPASS) Group","volume":"71","author":"Y Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.08.001","article-title":"Adrenal Imaging in Patients with Endocrine Hypertension","volume":"48","author":"D A Delivanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.1.9648789","article-title":"Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: an analysis of the CT literature","volume":"171","author":"G W Boland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.3.9490968","article-title":"CT Time \u2013 attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenoma s and nonadenomas","volume":"170","author":"M Korobkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11389","article-title":"Characterization of lipid \u2013 poor adrenal adenoma: chemical shift MRI and wash-out CT","volume":"202","author":"J M Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23601","article-title":"Adrenal MRI: Techniques and clinical applications","volume":"36","author":"E S Siegelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"L Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3317\/jraas.2001.022","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism","volume":"2","author":"M Stowasser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"19","article-title":"Indikationen und Technik der selektiven Nebennierenvenenblutentnahme","volume":"187","author":"D Blondin","year":"2015","journal-title":"R\u00f6Fo"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7050114","article-title":"Role of Venous Sampling in the Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders","volume":"7","author":"R W England","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Chapter 41: The Adrenal Glands","author":"M W Yeh","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22374","article-title":"A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins","volume":"27","author":"A Cesmebasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2019.04.017","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines for Periprocedural Management of Coagulation Status and Hemostasis Risk in percutaneous Image-guides Interventions","volume":"30","author":"I J Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"JVIR"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142413","article-title":"Adrenal Vein Sampling in Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Sensitivity and Specificity of Basal Cortisol and Aldosterone Ratios to Confirm Cathererization of the Adrenal Vein","volume":"277","author":"J P Mailhot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01198","article-title":"Adrenal Venous Sampling for Assessment of Autonomous Cortisol Secretion","volume":"103","author":"G A Ueland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02097","article-title":"An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism","volume":"63","author":"G P Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tvir.2010.02.006","article-title":"Adrenal Vein Sampling","volume":"13","author":"S L Kahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015142159","article-title":"Intra-adrenal aldosterone secretion: Segmental adrenal venous sampling for localization","volume":"278","author":"N Satani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.25si055514","article-title":"Adrenal Vein Sampling: How to Make It Quick, Easy, and Successful","volume":"25","author":"N Daunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.198.2.8596821","article-title":"Hyperaldosteronism: Sampling the Adrenal Veins","volume":"198","author":"J L Doppmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-017-0192-5","article-title":"The Intra-Procedural Cortisol Assay During Adrenal Vein Sampling: Rationale and Design of a Randomized Study (I-Padua)","volume":"24","author":"M Cesari","year":"2017","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Pre"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","article-title":"The Management of Primary Aldosteronism:Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment:An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"101","author":"J W Funder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2830","article-title":"The adrenal vein sampling international study AVIS for identifying the major subtypes of primary aldosteronism","volume":"97","author":"G P Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06305","article-title":"Clinical Management and Outcomes of adrenal Hemorrhage Following Adrenal Vein Sampling in Primary hyperaldosteronism","volume":"67","author":"S Monticone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4146","article-title":"Accuracy of adrenal imaging and adrenal venous sampling in predicting surgical cure of primary aldosteronism","volume":"99","author":"V Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168484","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling: evaluation of the German Conn\u2019s registry","volume":"57","author":"O Vonend","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0328","article-title":"Radiation exposure of adrenal vein sampling: a German Multicenter Study","volume":"179","author":"C T Fuss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06209-5","article-title":"Simultaneous bilateral adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism: useful tips to make it simple and safe","volume":"11","author":"A Lupi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190636","article-title":"Utility of microcatheter in adrenal venous sampling for primary aldosteronism","volume":"93","author":"Y Noda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.09.032","article-title":"Subtyping of primary aldosteronism with adrenal vein sampling: Hormone- and side-specific effects of cosyntropin and metoclopramide","volume":"163","author":"G Rossitto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12096","article-title":"Catheterization during adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism: failure to use (1\u201324) ACTH may increase apparent failure rate","volume":"15","author":"G A Kline","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0844","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling: cosyntropin stimulation or not?","volume":"181","author":"J Deinum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrin"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0741","article-title":"Evaluation of right adrenal vein cannulation by computed tomography angiography in 140 consecutive patients undergoing adrenal venous sampling","volume":"170","author":"S Onozawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12746","article-title":"Accuracy of adrenal imaging and adrenal venous sampling in diagnosing unilateral primary aldosteronism","volume":"47","author":"R Ladurner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30100-0","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling versus CT scan to determine treatment in primary aldosteronism: An outcome-based randomised diagnostic trial","volume":"4","author":"T Dekkers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-120524","article-title":"The SPARTACUS Trial: Controversies and Unresolved Issues","volume":"49","author":"F Beuschlein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"14","article-title":"Prim\u00e4rer Hyperaldosteronismus \u2013 die h\u00e4ufigste monokausale Ursache der essenziellen Hypertonie","volume":"2","author":"A Tomaschitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185842","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.5842","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes After Unilateral Adrenalectomy for Primary Aldosteronism","volume":"154","author":"W MCM Vorselaars","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2019.04.039","article-title":"Effectiveness of Thermal Ablation for Aldosterone-Producing Adrenal Adenoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Biochemical Parameters","volume":"30","author":"K W Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"}],"container-title":["R\u00f6Fo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der R\u00f6ntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1299-1878.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T22:45:21Z","timestamp":1621550721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1299-1878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"06","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1299-1878","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-9029","1438-9010"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-9029","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-9010","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]}}}