{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:31:04Z","timestamp":1789594264115,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n               Objective As dairy herds increase in size, close monitoring of health becomes a necessity, but this is expensive and labour-intensive. Early detection of febrile diseases is essential for economical and welfare reasons and to prevent the spread of disease. The goal of this study was therefore to evaluate a mobile, non-invasive technique for measuring the body temperature of cows that precludes the need for restraint of the animals.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n               Materials and methods An infrared thermographic imaging camera installed on a smart phone was used to measure the surface temperature of cows. In experiment 1, a metal block heated to defined temperatures was used to obtain infrared thermographic measurements (THM). The accuracy of THM made at different distances from the block and at 2 different ambient temperatures was determined. In experiment 2, non-febrile cows underwent infrared thermographic imaging, and the body regions with the highest correlations between thermographic and rectal temperature were identified. In experiment 3, THM were made in febrile and neighbouring non-febrile cows.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n               Results In experiment 1, the thermographic and true temperatures of the block had the strongest relationships at 0.5 and 1.0\u2005m (r\u2005=\u20050.98). The ambient temperature had a significant effect on the THM, which had larger variations and greater deviations from the block temperature at 14.8\u2005\u00b0C than at 23.8\u2005\u00b0C. In experiment 2, the maximum temperature at the eye (r\u2005=\u20050.37), THM at the muzzle (r\u2005=\u20050.28) and the medial canthus (r\u2005=\u20050.27) showed the strongest relationships with the rectal temperature. After correcting the THM with the mean difference between thermographic and rectal temperatures of the non-febrile cows, sensitivities of 88, 90 and 82\u2005%, respectively, were calculated for THM at the muzzle, eye and medial canthus in febrile cows in experiment\u202f3.\u2005The corresponding specificities were 6, 23 and 32\u2005%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n               Conclusion and clinical relevance Based on the low specificities of the infrared THM, the thermographic imaging camera has limited usefulness for the mass screening of dairy cows for febrile conditions. Cattle falsely identified as febrile need to be separated, caught and re-examined, which causes unnecessary stress to the animal and increases labour input.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1307-9993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T14:53:10Z","timestamp":1613487190000},"page":"12-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Screening of febrile cows using a small handheld infrared thermography device"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Bleul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty University Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"H\u00e4ssig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse-Faculty University Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabienne","family":"Kluser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse-Faculty University Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"7426","article-title":"Invited review: Changes in the dairy industry affecting dairy cattle health and welfare","volume":"98","author":"H W Barkema","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u202fDairy Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60017-6","article-title":"Mass Screening of Suspected Febrile Patients with Remote-sensing Infrared Thermography: Alarm Temperature and Optimal Distance","volume":"107","author":"M-F Chiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u202fFormos Med 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emissivity","volume":"29","author":"V Bernard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.11.002","article-title":"Infrared Thermography: Current Applications in Equine Medicine","volume":"60","author":"M Soroko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u202fEquine Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0639","article-title":"Talking the temperature of equine thermography","volume":"162","author":"M J Head","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.100703","article-title":"Comparison of 3 infrared thermal detection systems and self-report for mass fever screening","volume":"16","author":"A V Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014490","article-title":"Thermal image scanning for influenza border screening: results of an airport screening study","volume":"6","author":"P C Priest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos One"}],"container-title":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Gro\u00dftiere \/ Nutztiere"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1307-9993.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]],"date-time":"2021-02-16T14:53:38Z","timestamp":1613487218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1307-9993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"01","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1307-9993","relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1220","2567-5834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-1220","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-5834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}}}