{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:14:06Z","timestamp":1790640846319,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"09","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to develop an equation to reduce variability of VO2peak prediction from a step test and compare VO2peak prediction from the new equation to the Queen\u2019s College Step Test (QCST). The development group (n=86; 21.7\u00b12 years) was utilized to develop the SDState step test equation to predict relative VO2peak. The cross-validation group (n=99; 21.6\u00b12 years) was used to determine the validity of the SDState step test VO2peak prediction equation. A regression analysis was used to identify the best model to predict VO2peak. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was further used to determine differences among predicted and measured VO2peak values. Forward stepwise multiple regression identified age, sex, abdominal circumference, and active heart rate at the 3-min mark of the step test to be significant predictors of VO2peak (mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121). No differences among measured VO2peak (47.3\u00b17.1\u2009mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121) and predicted VO2peak (QCST, 46.9\u00b19.3\u2009mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121; SDState 48.3\u00b15.7 mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121) were found. Pearson correlations, ICC, SEE, TEE, Bland-Altman plots, and Mountain plots indicate the SDState step test equation provides less variation in the prediction of VO2peak compared to the QCST. The SDState step test equation is effective for predicting VO2peak from the YMCA step test in young, healthy adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1310-3900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:19:03Z","timestamp":1608682743000},"page":"833-839","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Generalized Equation for Prediction of VO2peak from a Step Test"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4419-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corey A.","family":"Selland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Performance, Minnesota State University Mankato, Mankato, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences,South Dakota State University, Brookings, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Gums","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences,South Dakota State University, Brookings, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Meendering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences,South Dakota State University, Brookings, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Vukovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences,South Dakota State University, Brookings, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350040017014","article-title":"Physical fitness and incidence of hypertension in healthy normotensive men and women","volume":"252","author":"S N Blair","year":"1984","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430170057028","article-title":"Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women","volume":"262","author":"S N Blair","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2223\/JPED.1571","article-title":"Aerobic fitness of children and adolescents","volume":"82","author":"N Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"31","article-title":"The step test: A simple method of measuring physical fitness for muscular work in young men","volume":"14","author":"L Brouha","year":"1943","journal-title":"Res Q Am Assoc Health Phys Educ Recreat"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2013.784724","article-title":"Stepping from Belgium to the United States and back: The conceptualization and impact of the harvard step test, 1942-2012","volume":"84","author":"H Vangrunderbeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"229","article-title":"Validation of a three minute height-adjusted step test","volume":"28","author":"K Francis","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1965.20.5.1070","article-title":"Indirect determination of maximal O2 consumption in man","volume":"20","author":"R Margaria","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"74","article-title":"Prediction of VO2 peak using a sub-maximal bench step test in children (revised)","volume":"66","author":"D E Jacks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Kinesiol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"765","article-title":"Standardization of submaximal exercise tests","volume":"38","author":"R J Shephard","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314533216","article-title":"Validation of a brief step-test protocol for estimation of peak oxygen uptake","volume":"22","author":"F Beutner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"207","article-title":"Prediction of maximal oxygen intake from submaximal tests","volume":"5","author":"H A DeVries","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"680","article-title":"The Canadian Home Fitness Test as a predictor of aerobic capacity","volume":"114","author":"M Jett\u00e9","year":"1976","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"118","article-title":"Estimation of V\u0307O2max: a comparative analysis of post-exercise heart rate and physical fitness index from 3-min step test","volume":"5","author":"C-M Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exerc Sci Fit"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"182","article-title":"Reliability and interrelationships between maximal oxygen intake, physical work capacity and step-test scores in college women","volume":"4","author":"W McArdle","year":"1972","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.732","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012","volume":"311","author":"C L Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm007","article-title":"The Obesity Epidemic in the United States\u2014Gender, age, socioeconomic, racial\/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"29","author":"Y Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801241","article-title":"Total body fat does not influence maximal aerobic capacity","volume":"24","author":"M Goran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930441","article-title":"Effects of body mass index on maximal work production capacity and aerobic fitness during incremental exercise","volume":"53","author":"O Ozcelik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Y\u2019s Way to Physical Fitness: The Complete Guide to Fitness Testing and Instruction","author":"L A Golding","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1997.85.3.987","article-title":"A modified step test based on a function of subjects\u2019 stature","volume":"85","author":"C D Ashley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-3123","article-title":"Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update","volume":"40","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"525","article-title":"A simple, graphical method to evaluate laboratory assays","volume":"33","author":"J Krouwer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem214","article-title":"Using the Bland-Altman method to measure agreement with repeated measures","volume":"99","author":"P S Myles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"342","article-title":"Folded empirical distribution function curves-mountain plots","volume":"49","author":"K L Monti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137408931316","article-title":"An Improved simple exercise test for evaluation of physical fitness","volume":"17","author":"S R Datta","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"36","article-title":"Fitness assessment using step tests","volume":"13","author":"K T Francis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Compr Ther"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"282","article-title":"A height-adjusted step test for predicting maximal oxygen consumption in males","volume":"32","author":"K Francis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198905000-00014","article-title":"Height-adjusted, rate-specific, single-stage step test for predicting maximal oxygen consumption","volume":"82","author":"K Francis","year":"1989","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"32","article-title":"Validity of Queen\u2019s College Step Test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in female students","volume":"121","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.002212","article-title":"Validity of Queen\u2019s College step test for use with young Indian men","volume":"38","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2003.10609070","article-title":"Predicting maximum oxygen uptake from a modified 3-minute step test","volume":"74","author":"A S Santo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res Q Exerc Sport"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803243","article-title":"Waist circumference and BMI are independently associated with the variation of cardio-respiratory and neuromuscular fitness in young adult men","volume":"30","author":"M Fogelholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"353","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness of obese boys","volume":"49","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"161","article-title":"Relationship between cardiovascular function and markers of adiposity in young female subjects -. Int J Med Sci","volume":"3","author":"D Choudhuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"757","article-title":"Effects of obesity on aerobic fitness in adolescent females","volume":"145","author":"T W Rowland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.4.1387","article-title":"A comparison of maximal oxygen uptake by treadmill and step-test procedures","volume":"21","author":"F W Kasch","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1310-3900.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T21:55:54Z","timestamp":1670536554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1310-3900"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"09","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1310-3900","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]}}}