{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T19:41:54Z","timestamp":1789501314953,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Classical psychedelics, primarily psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), have been used and extensively studied in Western medicine as part of substance-assisted psychotherapy in the 1950s and 1960s. Modern clinical research is currently gaining momentum and provides new evidence for the safety and efficacy of classical psychedelics (primarily psilocybin, but also LSD and ayahuasca) in the treatment of different psychiatric conditions, including substance use and mood disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this review article, we outline common pathological mechanisms of substance use disorders (SUD) and unipolar depression. Next, the current literature on the effects of psychedelics is summarized in order to generate hypotheses regarding their potential therapeutic mechanisms of action in treating these psychiatric conditions. Finally, we review and discuss clinical trials published since 2011 investigating the effects of psychedelics in SUD and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>While results from those modern clinical trials are promising, most of them do not meet the methodological requirements to allow firm conclusions on the clinical efficacy of psychedelics. Larger, blinded, randomized controlled trials (RCT) with clearly defined patient groups and well-defined primary endpoints are needed. Additionally, the therapeutic mechanisms of classical psychedelics are currently unknown. This review presents hypotheses derived from preclinical and human studies that need to be tested in future trials to better understand the clinical potential of psychedelic substances in modern psychiatry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1341-1907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T18:45:13Z","timestamp":1611168313000},"page":"176-190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Classical Psychedelics as Therapeutics in Psychiatry \u2013 Current Clinical Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Mechanisms in Substance Use and Mood Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Lea J.","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin H.","family":"Preller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaco-Neuroimaging and Cognitive-Emotional Processing, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital for Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2884","article-title":"The neurobiology of psychedelic drugs: implications for the treatment of mood disorders","volume":"11","author":"F X Vollenweider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.011478","article-title":"Psychedelics","volume":"68","author":"D E Nichols","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881116679368","article-title":"Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar mood disorders: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"J J Rucker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112439253","article-title":"Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for alcoholism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"26","author":"T S Krebs","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_464","article-title":"Therapeutic applications of classic hallucinogens","volume":"36","author":"M P Bogenschutz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cur Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"4","article-title":"History and evolution of the monoamine hypothesis of depression","volume":"61","author":"R M Hirschfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30015-9","article-title":"How do antidepressants work? 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