{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:58:55Z","timestamp":1761897535656,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the beginning of 2020, SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen of COVID-19, has led to a global pandemic that also affects ophthalmology. Ophthalmologists can be confronted at any time with potentially COVID-19 associated ocular symptoms or manifestations in patients and also become infected through close patient contact. Even without systemic infection, the ocular surface can come into direct contact with aerosols or liquids containing SARS-CoV-2 particles. A smear infection through hand-to-eye contact is also possible. A purely isolated ocular infection has not yet been shown. Rather, it seems that ocular complications occur in the context of a systemic infection. However, ocular symptoms can also be the first symptom of COVID-19. The most common ocular complication of COVID-19 is mild follicular conjunctivitis. Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis, dry eye disease, episcleritis, or retinal involvement can also occur less frequently. There are currently no evidence-based therapy\n\t\t\t\t\trecommendations for COVID-19 associated diseases of the ocular surface. Artificial tears might be helpful for symptom relief. There is no evidence for antiviral, antibiotic, or anti-inflammatory therapies, but these medications might be used in individual cases. Potential intraocular complications include retinal artery occlusions and haemorrhages, as well as cotton wool spots caused by complement-mediated thrombotic angiopathy. Neuro-ophthalmological complications including Miller-Fisher syndrome or infarct-related central blindness can also occur in very rare cases. Knowledge of potential transmission routes and personal protective equipment is just as essential for each ophthalmologist as a basic knowledge of potential ocular symptoms and complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1344-8138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T22:38:53Z","timestamp":1621636733000},"page":"555-560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Ocular Involvement in COVID-19: Conjunctivitis and More"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"238","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Rokohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t und Uniklinik K\u00f6ln, K\u00f6ln, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael S.","family":"Grajewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t und Uniklinik K\u00f6ln, K\u00f6ln, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philomena A. Wawer","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t und Uniklinik K\u00f6ln, K\u00f6ln, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Kopecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t und Uniklinik K\u00f6ln, K\u00f6ln, Deutschland"},{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4tskrankenhaus Ostrava, Ostrava, Tschechische Republik"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludwig M.","family":"Heindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t und Uniklinik K\u00f6ln, K\u00f6ln, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Cursiefen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde, Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t und Uniklinik K\u00f6ln, K\u00f6ln, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.02.014","article-title":"Ophthalmologists Are More Than Eye Doctors \u2013 In Memoriam Li Wenliang","volume":"213","author":"R K Parrish 2nd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-020-01148-9","article-title":"[The role of ophthalmology in the COVID-19 pandemic]","volume":"117","author":"A C Rokohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04729-1","article-title":"Slit-lamp evaluation during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: safety first!","volume":"258","author":"R E Ruiz-Lozano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04815-4","article-title":"Airborne pathogen projection during ophthalmic examination","volume":"258","author":"B Bostanci Ceran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.08.018","article-title":"More than loss of taste and smell: burning watering eyes in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"26","author":"A C Rokohl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04652-5","article-title":"Does hand hygiene reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission?","volume":"258","author":"C Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04790-w","article-title":"Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to medical staff and patients from an exposure to a COVID-19-positive ophthalmologist","volume":"258","author":"O Saban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"R Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1738501","article-title":"Can the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Affect the Eyes? 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