{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:12Z","timestamp":1787004852113,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"Rugby Football Union and Premiership\n                        Rugby."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Sports Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Concussion is the most common match injury in rugby union. Some players wear\n                        padded headgear, but whether this protects against concussion is unclear. In\n                        professional male rugby union players, we examined: (i) the association\n                        between the use of headgear and match concussion injury incidence, and (ii)\n                        whether wearing headgear influenced time to return to play following\n                        concussion. Using a nested case-control within a cohort study, four seasons\n                        (2013\u20132017) of injury data from 1117 players at the highest level of\n                        rugby union in England were included. Cases were physician-diagnosed\n                        concussion injuries. Controls were other contact injuries (excluding all\n                        head injuries). We determined headgear use by viewing video footage. Sixteen\n                        percent of cases and controls wore headgear. Headgear use had no significant\n                        effect on concussion injury incidence (adjusted odds ratio=1.05,\n                        95% CI: 0.71\u20131.56). Median number of days absent for\n                        concussion whilst wearing headgear was 8 days, compared with 7 days without\n                        headgear. Having sustained a concussion in the current or previous season\n                        increased the odds of concussion more than four-fold (odds\n                        ratio=4.55, 95% CI: 3.77\u20135.49). Wearing headgear was\n                        not associated with lower odds of concussions or a reduced number of\n                        days' absence following a concussion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1345-9163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T19:13:42Z","timestamp":1613762022000},"page":"930-935","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Padded Headgear does not Reduce the Incidence of Match Concussions in\n                    Professional Men\u2019s Rugby Union: A Case-control Study of 417\n                    Cases"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith A.","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"},{"name":"Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"},{"name":"Rugby Department, Premiership Rugby, Twickenham, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1460-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent E.","family":"Hagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology,\n                    University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary Cumming School of\n                    Medicine, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"O\u2019Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary\n                    Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of\n                    Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen W.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon Paul","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo T.","family":"Sant\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Services, Rugby Football Union, Twickenham, United Kingdom of\n                    Great Britain and Northern Ireland"},{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and\n                    Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, United\n                    Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ bjsports-2020-102529","article-title":"Trends in match injury risk in professional male rugby union: A 16-season review\n                    of 10 851 match injuries in the English Premiership (2002\u20132019): The\n                    Professional Rugby Injury Surveillance Project","author":"S W West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101557","article-title":"Does reducing the height of the tackle through law change in elite men\u2019s\n                    rugby union (The Championship, England) reduce the incidence of concussion? A\n                    controlled study in 126 games","author":"K A Stokes","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101092","article-title":"Does disallowing body checking in non-elite 13- to 14-year-old ice hockey\n                    leagues reduce rates of injury and concussion? A cohort study in two Canadian\n                    provinces","author":"C Emery","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097434","article-title":"Reducing musculoskeletal injury and concussion risk in schoolboy rugby players\n                    with a pre-activity movement control exercise programme: a cluster randomised\n                    controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"M D Hislop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098005","article-title":"Efficacy of a movement control injury prevention programme in adult\n                    men\u2019s community rugby union: a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"M J Attwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101011","article-title":"Mouthguard use in youth ice hockey and the risk of concussion: Nested\n                    case-control study of 315 cases","volume":"54","author":"D A Chisholm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978\u2013984.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097452","article-title":"What strategies can be used to effectively reduce the risk of concussion in\n                    sport? A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"C A Emery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31816a1c9a","article-title":"The epidemiology of head injuries in English professional rugby union","volume":"18","author":"SP T Kemp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509341032","article-title":"Incidence, risk, and protective factors of mild traumatic brain injury in a\n                    cohort of Australian nonprofessional male rugby players","volume":"37","author":"S J Hollis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh346","article-title":"Evaluation of protective equipment for prevention of injuries in rugby\n                    union","volume":"34","author":"S W Marshall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.3.167","article-title":"Effectiveness of headgear in a pilot study of under 15 rugby union football","volume":"35","author":"A S McIntosh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181864bee","article-title":"Does padded headgear prevent head injury in rugby union football?","volume":"41","author":"A S McIntosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2013.08.002","article-title":"Concussion history and reporting rates in elite Irish rugby union players","volume":"15","author":"M R Fraas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1015-3123","article-title":"Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research: 2020 update","volume":"40","author":"D J Harriss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.384","article-title":"Risk factors for sports injuries - a methodological approach","volume":"37","author":"R Bahr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.033282","article-title":"Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures for\n                    studies of injuries in rugby union","volume":"41","author":"C W Fuller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093498","article-title":"The International Rugby Board (IRB) Pitch Side Concussion Assessment trial: a\n                    pilot test accuracy study","volume":"49","author":"G W Fuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"M L McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"74","article-title":"The lme4 package","volume":"2","author":"D Bates","year":"2007","journal-title":"R package version"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094982","article-title":"Professional Rugby Union players have a 60% greater risk of time loss\n                    injury after concussion: A 2-season prospective study of clinical outcomes","volume":"50","author":"M Cross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1395587","article-title":"Sports-related concussion in helmeted vs. unhelmeted athletes: Who fares\n                    worse?","volume":"36","author":"S L Zuckerman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.5.337","article-title":"Impact energy attenuation performance of football headgear","volume":"34","author":"A S McIntosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6: 1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40621-018-0178-3","article-title":"A cohort study to identify and evaluate concussion risk factors across multiple\n                    injury settings: Findings from the CARE Consortium","author":"K Van Pelt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inj Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092734","article-title":"Risk factors for sports concussion: An evidence-based systematic review","volume":"48","author":"S Abrahams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acy006","article-title":"Risk factors associated with sustaining a sport-related concussion: an initial\n                    synthesis study of 12,320 student-athletes","volume":"33","author":"B L Brett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsych"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093406","article-title":"Sports-related concussion increases the risk of subsequent injury by about\n                    50% in elite male football players","volume":"48","author":"A Nordstrom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000000716","article-title":"Acute lower extremity injury rates increase after concussion in college\n                    athletes","volume":"47","author":"R C Lynall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0871-y","article-title":"Neuromuscular control deficits and the risk of subsequent injury after a\n                    concussion: a scoping review","volume":"48","author":"D R Howell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Sports Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1345-9163.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T19:23:13Z","timestamp":1631820193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1345-9163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1345-9163","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0172-4622","1439-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0172-4622","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-3964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]}}}