{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:34:12Z","timestamp":1740126852886,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"04","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background The SpeedWheel (SW) test is an objective test of visual acuity (VA) using suppression of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN). Here, we established prediction intervals of the SW measures compared to Snellen acuity in adults and children.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Subjects and Methods In this prospective, single center study, subjects aged at least 4 years underwent testing of VA with SW, Landolt-C, and Tumbling-E symbols (Freiburg acuity test: FrACT-C, FrACT-E). Prediction intervals were established for SW compared to FrACT-C or -E and for FrACT-E compared to FrACT-C. Mixed linear effect models were applied for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results From 241 subjects, 471 eyes were included: median age 36 years, range 4\u200a\u2013\u200a88 years, 43.6% male, 56.4% female. Eyes included were either healthy or had various underlying ophthalmic conditions. Prediction intervals for SW to estimate FrACT-C or -E acuity showed a similar range compared to the prediction interval of FrACT-C for the estimation of FrACT-E acuity. For each acuity step, there was no influence of age. Up to an SW acuity of 0.7\u2009logMAR, 80% of the subjects had a FrACT-C acuity that was at most 1.6\u2009logMAR lines below, and for an SW acuity of 1.0\u2009logMAR, FrACT-C acuity was not worse than 4\u2009logMAR lines. Prediction intervals for eyes with refractive error, cataract, visual field loss and retinal disease did not differ significantly from healthy eyes in contrast to eyes with amblyopia or multiple ophthalmic disorders. SW correlated well to FrACT tests and results of a previous study fell within our prediction estimates.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion Our prediction intervals for SW acuity may be used to estimate Snellen acuity (FrACT-C and -E) in the clinic in adults and children unable to cooperate in other acuity testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1403-2218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]],"date-time":"2021-04-14T23:22:29Z","timestamp":1618442549000},"page":"488-492","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Establishing Prediction Intervals for the SpeedWheel Acuity Test in Adults and Children"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Magdalena Laura","family":"Luethy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Strabismus, Neuroophthalmology and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4tsspital Basel Augenklinik, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Sch\u00f6tzau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4tsspital Basel Augenklinik, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4062-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Palmowski-Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Universit\u00e4tsspital Basel Augenklinik, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12086","article-title":"The measurement of visual acuity in children: an evidence-based update","volume":"97","author":"N S Anstice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1119-6123","article-title":"Establishing an Objective Measurement of Visual Acuity with a Computerised Optokinetic Nystagmus Suppression Test","volume":"237","author":"N Schwob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2019.05.016","article-title":"Objective measurement of visual acuity by optokinetic nystagmus suppression in children and adult patients","volume":"23","author":"N Schwob","year":"2019","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199601000-00008","article-title":"The Freiburg Visual Acuity test-automatic measurement of visual acuity","volume":"73","author":"M Bach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-006-0474-4","article-title":"The Freiburg Visual Acuity Test-variability unchanged by post-hoc re-analysis","volume":"245","author":"M Bach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"684","article-title":"Comparison of two visual acuity tests in school enrolment examinations: Tumbling E test versus Freiburg visual acuity test","volume":"113","author":"M Bach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90174-4","article-title":"The effects of simultaneous central and peripheral motion on the optokinetic response","volume":"31","author":"R V Abadi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"239","article-title":"Objective visual acuity testing by optokinetic nystagmus suppression","volume":"34","author":"S 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Gr\u00e4f","year":"1998","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"}],"container-title":["Klinische Monatsbl\u00e4tter f\u00fcr Augenheilkunde"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1403-2218.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T22:56:05Z","timestamp":1619823365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1403-2218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"04","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1403-2218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0023-2165","1439-3999"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0023-2165"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1439-3999"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}}}