{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:58:49Z","timestamp":1771477129376,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"05","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DHU-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co KG"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Gastroenterol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          Background\u2002Okoubaka aubrevillei is used in traditional West African medicine and in homeopathy for treatment and prevention of several gastrointestinal problems. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of repeated doses of two Okoubaka products (10\u200a% ethanolic tincture, mother tincture (MT); 3rd decimal potency, 3X) on the microbial activity of physiological human colon microbiota using a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME\u00ae) and to investigate any preventive effect against infections with diarrhea-causing pathogens.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Methods\u2002Upon inoculation with fecal microbiota from a healthy donor, 4 parallel proximal colon compartments of the SHIME were treated either with Okoubaka MT, Okoubaka 3X, ethanol control or blank control for 7 days. Using the Okoubaka-adapted microbial community from SHIME, 48\u200ah challenge tests were performed with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Salmonella enteritidis in 4 different doses (103\u2013108 colony forming units as typical in vivo infectious doses). Pathogen concentrations, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched SCFA production were measured in triplicate at 0, 24 and 48\u200ah.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Results\u2002In the challenge tests, both Okoubaka products were able to restrict the colonization of ETEC and Salmonella at 3 of the 4 pathogen doses (except the highest doses), with a stronger anti-pathogenic effect for MT, which included a reduction of 2.0 log-units of ETEC (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.0001) and 1.1 log-units of Salmonella (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.0001). Total SCFA levels remained unaffected, but butyrate increased during the first 24\u200ah (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.0001 for ETEC), accompanied by decreased acetate production.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          Conclusion\u2002We observed in vitro a systemic activating effect of Okoubaka on intestinal microbiome resistance, which resulted in an anti-pathogenic effect, especially against ETEC. We hypothesize that the mode of action in vivo is also based on systemic regulative effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1404-3344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T22:53:47Z","timestamp":1620860027000},"page":"423-437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro evaluation of the anti-pathogenic activity of Okoubaka aubrevillei on the human gastrointestinal tract"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Susann","family":"Buchheim-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science & Research, Deutsche Hom\u00f6opathie-Union, Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMT e.\u200aV., Breitscheid, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Duysburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prodigest, Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Van den Abbeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prodigest, Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marzorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prodigest, Gent, Belgium"},{"name":"CMET, University of Ghent, Gent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACOMED statistik, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten\/Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Klement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Science & Research, Deutsche Hom\u00f6opathie-Union, Karlsruhe, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten\/Herdecke, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Okoublaka \u2013 Medizin aus Afrika","author":"A Kerckhoff","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751291","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/751291","article-title":"A quantitative documentation of the composition of two powdered herbal formulations (antimalarial and haematinic) using ethnomedicinal information from ogbomoso, Nigeria","volume":"2014","author":"A T Ogunkunle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Okoubaka aubrevillei (Okoubaka); 2013","year":"2019","edition":"Vol. 2"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Okoubaka aubrevillei (Okoubaka), 1989","author":"K Keller","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-935641","article-title":"Okoubaka, ein neues hom\u00f6opathische Arzneimittel","volume":"217","author":"M Kunst","year":"1972","journal-title":"AHZ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-936378","article-title":"Okoubaka Aubrevillei \u2013 Ein klinischer Erfahrungsbericht","volume":"236","author":"E Schl\u00fcren","year":"1991","journal-title":"AHZ"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Hom\u00f6opathische Mittel und ihre Wirkungen \u2013 Materia medica und Repertorium","author":"W Boericke","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Randomisierte multizentrische Studie zum Auftreten arzneispezifischer Effekte in einer hom\u00f6opathischen Arzneimittelpr\u00fcfung [Disseration]","author":"U Hirschberg","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"50","article-title":"Okoubaka aubrevillei","volume":"25","author":"M Wiesenauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"DAZ"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Niedermolekulare Inhaltsstoffe mit immunstimulierenden Eigenschaften aus Uncaria tomentosa, Okoubaka aubrevillei und anderen Drogen [Disseration]","author":"B Kreutzkamp","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-969532","article-title":"Inhaltsstoffe und Pharmakologie der Okoubaka aubrevillei-Rinde","volume":"51","author":"H Wagner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Taschenatlas Hom\u00f6opathie in Wort und Bild. 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