{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:52:14Z","timestamp":1782150734038,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Z Orthop Unfall"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differential diagnosis of muscle pain and weakness is extensive, including neurological, vertebral, arthrogenic, vascular, traumatic, immunological, endocrine, genetic and infectious\n          aetiologies, as well as medication or toxin-related causes. Muscles are highly sensitive to a large number of drugs, especially with high doses. Although many drug classes can cause toxic\n          myopathy, a significant number of cases are caused by lipid-lowering drugs, long-term use of corticosteroids, and, most often, alcohol misuse. Some drug interactions, e.g. those that are\n          metabolised via the enzyme CYP3A4, can increase the serum levels of the drugs and drug-induced toxicity. A careful history of patient\u02bcs drug and alcohol consumption is therefore vital.\n          Clinical symptoms depend on the drug, dosage and patient\u02bcs sensitivity. They can vary from asymptomatic increase in serum levels of creatine kinase, mild myalgia and cramps to muscle\n          weakness, rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure and even death. The pathogenesis is often only partially known and multifactorial. Toxic myopathy is often reversible once the drug is discontinued,\n          alternative drug therapy is started or a different dosage regimen is chosen. Complications such as acute kidney failure must be avoided, and analgesic therapy may be indicated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1488-6912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T23:00:55Z","timestamp":1627513255000},"page":"175-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Drug-induced Myopathies"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"161","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4053-503X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Steinmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Orthopaedics, Dept. of Orthopaedics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Flechtenmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professional Association for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery (BVOU), Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Ortho-Zentrum, Orthopaedic Group Practice at Ludwigsplatz, 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