{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:47:47Z","timestamp":1782604067307,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"07","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Horm Metab Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common endocrine cause of arterial\n                    hypertension. Despite the increasing incidence of hypertension worldwide, the\n                    true prevalence of PA in hypertension was only recently recognized. The\n                    objective of the work was to estimate the prevalence of PA in patients at\n                    different stages of hypertension based on a newly developed screening-diagnostic\n                    overnight test. This is a prospective study with hypertensive patients\n                    (n=265) at stage I (n=100), II (n=88), and III\n                    (n=77) of hypertension. A group of 103 patients with essential\n                    hypertension without PA was used as controls. PA diagnosis was based on a\n                    combined screening-diagnostic overnight test, the\n                    Dexamethasone-Captopril-Valsartan Test (DCVT) that evaluates aldosterone\n                    secretion after pharmaceutical blockade of angiotensin-II and\n                    adrenocorticotropic hormone. DCVT was performed in all participants\n                    independently of the basal aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR). The calculated\n                    upper normal limits for post-DCVT aldosterone levels [3 ng\/dl (85\n                    pmol\/l)] and post-DCVT ARR [0.32\n                    ng\/dl\/\u03bcU\/ml (9 pmol\/IU)] from controls,\n                    were applied together to establish PA diagnosis. Using these criteria PA was\n                    confirmed in 80 of 265 (30%) hypertensives. The prevalence of PA was:\n                    21% (21\/100) in stage I, 33% (29\/88) in stage\n                    II, and 39% (30\/77) in stage III. Serum K+\n                    levels were negatively correlated and urinary K+ was\n                    positively correlated in PA patients with post-DCVT ARR\n                    (r=\u20130.349, p &lt;0.01, and r=0.27, p &lt;0.05\n                    respectively). In conclusion, DCVT revealed that PA is a highly prevalent cause\n                    of hypertension. DCVT could be employed as a diagnostic tool in all subjects\n                    with arterial hypertension of unknown cause.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1507-5226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:16:56Z","timestamp":1626740216000},"page":"461-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence of Primary Aldosteronism Across the Stages of Hypertension\n                    Based on a New Combined Overnight Test"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-2351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Voulgaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Athens Naval and Veterans Hospital,\n                    Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernestini","family":"Tyfoxylou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Vlachou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evagelia","family":"Kyriazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Gravvanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chara","family":"Kapsali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Markou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Labrini","family":"Papanastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Gryparis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion\n                    Hospital, Medical National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens,\n                    Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and\n                    Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko\n                    Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,\n                    Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Chrousos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and\n                    Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and\n                    Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Kaltsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko\n                    Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,\n                    Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Piaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, \u201cG.\n                    Gennimatas\u201d General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","article-title":"The management of primary aldosteronism: Case detection, diagnosis, and\n                    treatment: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"J W Funder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.33","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with primary aldosteronism after\n                    treatment","volume":"168","author":"C Catena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.015","article-title":"Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary\n    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of primary aldosteronism","volume":"62","author":"G P Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10596","article-title":"Adrenalectomy Lowers Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Primary Aldosteronism\n                    Patients at Long Term","volume":"71","author":"G P Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-013-1007-x","article-title":"Elevated prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with primary\n                    aldosteronism: A meta-analysis","volume":"183","author":"W Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0450","article-title":"Increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome in patients\n                    with primary aldosteronism of the German Conn\u2019s Registry","volume":"173","author":"G Hanslik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1733","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in primary\n                    aldosteronism","volume":"91","author":"F Fallo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30319-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular events and target organ damage in primary aldosteronism compared\n                    with essential hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"S Monticone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00139","article-title":"The Expanding Spectrum of Primary Aldosteronism: Implications for Diagnosis,\n         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I. Painting background. II. Primary aldosteronism, a new\n                    clinical syndrome","volume":"45","author":"J. Conn","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101365","article-title":"Prevalence, diagnosis and outcomes of treatment for primary aldosteronism","volume":"34","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1472","article-title":"Study heterogeneity and estimation of prevalence of primary aldosteronism: A\n                    systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"101","author":"S C K\u00e4yser","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000079505.25750.11","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism and hypertensive disease","volume":"42","author":"L 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Invest"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0003","article-title":"A new highly sensitive and specific overnight combined screening and diagnostic\n                    test for primary aldosteronism","volume":"175","author":"V Tsiavos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1236-4869","article-title":"Five Reasons for the Failure to Diagnose Aldosterone Excess in Hypertension","volume":"52","author":"G P Piaditis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht151","article-title":"2013 ESH\/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The\n                    Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society\n                    of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology 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Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","article-title":"The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: An endocrine society clinical\n                    practice guideline","volume":"93","author":"L K Nieman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-119755","article-title":"Is primary aldosteronism still largely unrecognized?","volume":"49","author":"F Buffolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14359","article-title":"Screening rates for primary aldosteronism in resistant hypertension: a cohort\n                    study","volume":"75","author":"G Jaffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["Hormone and Metabolic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1507-5226.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:20:30Z","timestamp":1626740430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1507-5226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"07","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1507-5226","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-5043","1439-4286"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-5043","type":"print"},{"value":"1439-4286","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}}}