{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T23:47:25Z","timestamp":1769125645367,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"01","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, a substantial prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) has been\n                    demonstrated in both normotensive and mildly hypertensive cohorts. Consequently,\n                    a classic presentation of the syndrome, i.\u2009e. moderate-to-severe\n                    and resistant hypertension with concomitant hypokalemia, should be considered a\n                    tip-of-the-iceberg phenotype of a wide PA spectrum. Its entire range encompasses\n                    the non-classic clinical forms of mild hypertension and prehypertension but also\n                    several biochemical presentations, including patients who meet PA screening and\n                    confirmation test criteria, as well as those with either of them and those with\n                    other parameters indicating mineralocorticoid excess. In the current review,\n                    research insights on the pathogenetic background and clinical significance of\n                    autonomous aldosterone secretion (AAS) are presented, which is defined as a\n                    constellation of either: 1) normotension, normokalemia, a positive PA screening\n                    (high aldosterone-to-renin ratio) and\/or confirmation test, or 2)\n                    hypertension, normokalemia and a positive PA screening but negative confirmation\n                    test. For this purpose, a literature search of the PubMed database was\n                    conducted. Advances in immunohistochemistry and genetic sequencing of isolated\n                    adrenal cells are provided as probable morphologic basis of the wide range of\n                    aldosterone secretion autonomy. Also, the role of corticotropin as an\n                    aldosterone secretagogue is discussed. To date, clinical studies depict\n                    consequences of subclinical PA phenotypes, such as increased mortality and risk\n                    of developing hypertension, impaired arterial and kidney function, association\n                    with metabolic syndrome and age, as well as osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1556-7784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T22:57:48Z","timestamp":1633561068000},"page":"7-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Autonomous Aldosterone Secretion as a Subclinical Form of\n                    Primary Aldosteronism: Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kmie\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University\n                    of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9866-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Sworczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University\n                    of Gda\u0144sk, Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"253","article-title":"Part I. 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Metab"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.01.003","article-title":"Local control of aldosterone production and primary aldosteronism","volume":"27","author":"E Lalli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab TEM"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11086","article-title":"Cellular and genetic causes of idiopathic hyperaldosteronism","volume":"72","author":"K Omata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertens Dallas Tex 1979"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.10.014","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry of aldosterone synthase leads the way to the pathogenesis\n                    of primary aldosteronism","volume":"441","author":"K Nishimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell 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Kokko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000184231.84465.62","article-title":"Low-renin hypertension with relative aldosterone excess is associated with\n                    impaired NO-mediated vasodilation","volume":"46","author":"S J Duffy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertens"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.008","article-title":"Plasma aldosterone levels and aldosterone-to-renin ratios are associated with\n                    endothelial dysfunction in young to middle-aged subjects","volume":"219","author":"A Hannemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0069-7","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis is associated with elevated\n                    aldosterone\/renin ratio","volume":"32","author":"X Shu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001251","article-title":"Plasma aldosterone level within the normal range is less associated with\n                    cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk in primary aldosteronism","volume":"35","author":"M Murata","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00257-3","article-title":"Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the\n                    optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised,\n                    double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"386","author":"B Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology &amp; 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