{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:43:14Z","timestamp":1789706594388,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmacopsychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Background Sodium lactate (NaL) infusion and carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation are proven to provoke acute panic attacks (PAs) in patients with panic disorder (PD). A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were performed to compare the effect sizes of these methods.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methods Odds ratios were calculated for each of the original studies and were pooled using the random-effects model.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results Either NaL or CO2 provocations significantly increased the rates of PAs in individuals with PD compared to those in healthy controls. However, the effect size of NaL infusion (OR=25.13, 95% CI=15.48\u201340.80) was significantly greater than that of CO2 inhalation (OR=10.58, 95%CI=7.88\u201314.21).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion The evidence for the efficacy of the two panic provocation tests is very strong. Yet, the results support the superiority of NaL infusion over CO2 inhalation challenge as a panic provocation test. Thus, lactate seems a much stronger stimulus than CO2 for the brain suffocation detector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1589-6049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T23:59:27Z","timestamp":1634687967000},"page":"87-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Sodium Lactate Infusion and Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Panic Provocation Tests: A Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1593-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umit","family":"Tural","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan V.","family":"Iosifescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, USA"},{"name":"Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3999(98)00027-0;","article-title":"Experimental pathophysiology of panic","volume":"45","author":"E Griez","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820160076009","article-title":"False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis","volume":"50","author":"D F Klein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790190038004","article-title":"Lactate provocation of panic attacks. I. 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