{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:51:47Z","timestamp":1785577907642,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Georg Thieme Verlag KG","issue":"02","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Objective Here we tested the application of a full mouth speculum to sedated elephants in human care to gain access to the oral cavity, the trachea (bronchi) and esophagus (stomach) and therefore improve diagnostic and therapeutic options in elephant medicine. The construction of this oral speculum for elephants and the procedure are described.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Material and methods The oral speculum is a steel construction consisting of 2 bite plates of 0.8\u2005\u00d7\u200560.0\u2005\u00d7\u20058.0\u2005cm attached between 2 threaded guiding poles (40\u2005cm). Through crank handles, the metal plates are dispersed once placed between the elephant\u2018s jaws in front of the molars. The oral speculum was applied in 26 elephants (6,16\u2005Asian elephants, and 1,3\u2005African elephants) during standing sedation.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Results All sedated elephants tolerated the positioning of the mouth opener and subsequent manipulations well. The mouth opener was applied for the following procedures: inspection of the oral cavity (n\u2005=\u20052), placing a stomach tube (n\u2005=\u200516), and\/or performing endoscopic examinations such as bronchoscopy (n\u2005=\u200520) and\/or gastroscopy (n\u2005=\u20058).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusion This method provides a new possibility to open the jaws to gain access to the molars, larynx and pharynx in captive elephants without full immobilization. Valuable samples for diagnostics may be obtained or animals medicated via stomach tube with this application.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Clinical relevance The mouth opener provides veterinarains with a new option to perform necessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures around the oral cavity, airways and stomach in captive elephants during standing sedation with no need for a full anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1624-4537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:02:30Z","timestamp":1637193750000},"page":"86-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Construction of a full mouth speculum facilitating oral examinations, bronchoscopy and gastric tubing in elephants"],"prefix":"10.1055","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Imke","family":"Lueders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GEOlifes-Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research"},{"name":"Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Stremme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Syiah Kuala University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"194","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"05","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0022","article-title":"Luteogenesis during the estrous cycle in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)","volume":"140","author":"I Lueders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"01\/02","key":"ref4","first-page":"3","article-title":"Development of a novel equine full mouth speculum for dental examination and treatment","volume":"95","author":"H J Simhofer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Skeletal and other basic anatomical features of elephants","author":"J Shoshani","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"299","volume-title":"Digestive system","author":"G A Dumconceaux","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1638\/04-013.1","article-title":"Standing sedation in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) using detomidine-butorphanol combinations","volume":"36","author":"D L Neiffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u2005Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Chemical restraint and general anaesthesia","author":"E P Steffey","year":"2006"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctep.2005.04.011","article-title":"Dental endoscopy in the horse","volume":"4","author":"W H Tremaine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Tech Eq Prac"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1992.53.10.1953","article-title":"Bronchoscopy of the horse","volume":"53","author":"C R Sweeney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"04","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818000122","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in elephants","volume":"146","author":"R Hermes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"02","key":"ref12","first-page":"147","article-title":"Yield of gastric lavage and bronchial wash in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"N Rizvi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberculosis Lung Dis"}],"container-title":["Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis Ausgabe G: Gro\u00dftiere \/ Nutztiere"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.1055\/a-1624-4537.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T13:55:37Z","timestamp":1726149337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/DOI\/DOI?10.1055\/a-1624-4537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"02","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1624-4537","archive":["Portico","CLOCKSS"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1434-1220","2567-5834"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1434-1220","type":"print"},{"value":"2567-5834","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}}}